

■ 



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Class _L \ \Z(o 
Book L 



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cqmmght deposit. 



/ 

THE 

STUDENT'S REVIEW; 

OH, 

EXAMINATIONS ON 

THERAPEUTICS, MATERIA MEDICA, 

AND 

PHARMACY. 



ADAPTED ESPECIALLY TO THE COURSE OF LECTURES 
DELIVERED IN 



THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



BY ROBERT M. ANDERSON, 


M. 


D. 








^ 






'^7 


RICHMOND: 








. K. ELLYSON, PUBLISHER, 176, MAIN STREET. 




1845. 









v- ; 



jS* 



^ 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1845, 

by Robert M. Anderson, M. D., 

in the Clerk's Office of the Eastern District Court of Virginia. 



PREFACE. 



The utility of a work like the present, was first 
impressed upon the mind of the Author, while a 
student at the University of Pennsylvania, in the 
year 1840. The inconveniencies of the United States 
Dispensatory, the text book of the lectures on Materia 
Medica, delivered in that institution, he found to be con- 
siderable ; for while it contains a vast fund of infor- 
mation, so arranged as to render it valuable as a book 
of reference, it is too voluminous and minute on 
many points, to adapt it to the wants of the student. 
And although these inconveniencies have been greatly- 
done away with by a syllabus of the course of lec- 
tures on that branch, published by the Professor, 
which was intended as a guide to the student, and to 
direct his investigations to those facts deemed essential 
to be known, yet the task of culling, thus imposed, 
was found to be not only tedious, but very unfavora- 
ble to the operation of memory, so that the frequent 
reviews which were necessary, to become familiar with 
important facts, required much labor and consumption 
of precious time. The present work is intended to 



IV 



PREFACE. 



facilitate, especially, the studies of those who may 
attend the lectures on Materia Medica and Pharmacy 
in that institution. But while this is the case, and the 
classification of medicines peculiar to that chair has 
been adopted and closely followed in the succeeding 
pages, it is believed that the examinations on parti- 
cular medicines, may be made greatly to subserve the 
convenience of students of other colleges. 



EXAMINATIONS. 



PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MEDICINES. 

What are the objects of Materia Medica, Pharmacy 
and Therapeutics? 

Materia Medica treats of medicines as they are re- 
ceived by the apothecary, whether they be derived 
from nature or furnished by the manufacturer. Phar- 
macy treats of preparing, preserving, compounding and 
dispensing medicines. And Therapeutics of their 
effects and applications in the cure of disease. 

How may medicines be defined ? 

Substances which are capable, when properly used, 
of counteracting morbid actions and agencies. 

Upon what general principles do medicines operate? 

Their operation may be either vital, chemical or 
mechanical ; and the sanative impression which they 
produce, either absolute or relative, primary or second- 
ary, local or general. 

By what methods are medicines thought to operate 
upon other and distant parts of the system from that 
to which they are applied, and how do they differ in 
their peculiar tendencies? 

They may operate in three ways : 1, by absorption ; 
2, by nervous communication ; and 3, by revulsion. 
They differ widely in their elective affinities, some 
acting by preference, on one organ, and some on 
others, as the stomach, bowels, kidneys, &c. ; and 
that, too, often independent of the parts of the body to 
which they are applied. 
1* 



b MODIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES. 

CIRCUMSTANCES THAT MODIFY THE EFFECTS OF 
MEDICINES. 

What are some of the circumstances calculated to 
modify the action of medicines, and which should be 
kept in view when we employ them and apportion 
their doses? 

The most important modifying influences may be 
expected from disease, age, sex 3 mode of living, habit, 
climate, temperament, idiosyncrasies and mental emo- 
tions ; these, together with the strength of the patient, 
the duration of the disease, the variable strength of the 
medicine employed, &c, should influence the dose or 
quantity given. 

What practical rules have these circumstances origi- 
nated ? 

Age, one of the most important of these, suggested 
the following excellent scheme of Dr. Young, for 
graduating the doses to different ages : 

"For children under 12 years, the doses of most 
medicines must be diminished in the proportion of the 
age to the age, increased by 12 ; thus, at two years to 
f,— viz: 2 

=£. At 21 the full dose may be given. 

2x12 
Also, the following table of Gabius: 
u The dose for a person of middle age being 

1 or 1 drachm, 
from 14 to 21 years will be § or 2 scruples, 

" ^ or J drachm, 

" J or 1 scruple, 

" |- or 15 grains, 

" i or 10 grains, 

" | or 8 grains, 

" T V or 5 grains." 
These rules will be found to approximate, what in 
general is correct, but there are several exceptions, 
such as calomel and castor oil, which require to be 
given to children in larger proportions than the above 
rules would indicate. 



7 to 14 


u 


4 to 7 


a 


of 4 years, 




3 " 




2 « 




1 " 





FORMS IN WHICH USED. * 

Habit, or the protracted use of a medicine, by 
which, as a general rule, the susceptibility of the sys- 
tem to its action is diminished, is another important 
circumstance often requiring an augmented dose. 

The variable activity of a medicine, is another cir- 
cumstance which should be kept in view in prescrib- 
ing, and whenever an active medicine has been given 
for some time, in large and increasing doses, it is pru- 
dent to reduce the close on commencing with a fresh 
parcel, particularly when the medicine is liable, from 
its nature, to be of unequal strength ; as digitalis, &c. 

The powers of the system should be duly consid- 
ered, and the dose of remedies accommodated to the 
strength of the patient. Sex, temperament and idio- 
syncrasies should influence the dose. Women require 
somewhat smaller doses than men, and persons of a 
sanguine temperament, than those of a phlegmatic. 

Constitutional peculiarities or idiosyncrasies render 
some persons uncommonly susceptible, or insuscepti- 
ble, to the action of certain medicines, requiring a 
modification of dose, and in some cases, prohibiting 
their use altogether. 

FORMS IN WHICH MEDICINES ARE USED. 

In what forms are medicines employed? 

In the solid state, in the form of powders, pills, 
troches and confections ; in the liquid state, in the form 
of mixtures and solutions, including, under the latter 
head, infusions, decoctions, xoines, tinctures, vinegars, 
syrups, honeys and oxymels. They are also used ex- 
ternally, in the form of liniments, ointments, cerates, 
cataplasms and plasters, and sometimes in the state 
of vapor. 

1. — Solid Forms. 

POWDERS.— PULVERES. 

How are these divided ? 

Into simple and compound — the former consisting 



8 FORMS IN WHICH USED. 

of a single substance, the latter, of two or more mixed 
together. 

What is the mode of preparing and preserving 
powders ? 

Most substances are brought to the state of powder, 
by means of a mortar and pestle, made either of iron, 
brass, glass or wedgewood — the two former used for 
hard substances, the two latter, for triturating those of 
a friable nature. The coarser particles separated by 
sieves made of different materials, as bolting cloth, 
hair cloth, gauze or wire. Earthy insoluble sub- 
stances, sometimes reduced to powder by levigatio?i, 
which is performed by moistening them with water or 
alcohol, and rubbing them on a hard flat stone with a 
muller of the same material. The powder thus ob- 
tained, may be rendered impalpable by elutriation, 
which consists in agitating it with water; allowing it 
to stand till the coarser particles subside ; pouring off 
the liquid, for the finer ones to settle; and lastly, de- 
canting and drying the powder. In the preparation of 
compound powders, the constituents, when of unequal 
hardness, should be pulverized separately, and after- 
wards mixed, except in those cases where a hard sub- 
stance is used to effect a more minute division and 
thorough intermixture of other ingredients, as sul- 
phate of potassa in the preparation of Dover's powder. 
Some medicines are liable to be injured by exposure 
to air and light, and as the liability is increased by 
pulverization, which exposes a more extended surface 
to their action, such substances should be pulverized 
only in small quantities, as needed, or if kept, should 
be preserved in well stopped bottles, in dark places. 

For what substances is this form eligible and ineli- 
gible ? 

It is preferable for those medicines which are not 
given in very large doses, not, exceeding 3 j., which 
possess no corrosive property nor very disagreeable 
taste. Deliquescent substances and those containing 
a large proportion of fixed oil, are unfit to enter into 



FORMS IN WHICH USED. \) 

the composition of powders ; as also, some crystaline 
salts, which contain a large proportion of water of crys- 
talization. This, however, may be previously driven 
off, in some cases, by the application of heat. 

How are they administered ? 

Light vegetable powders are given suspended in 
water, wine or other convenient liquid; heavy resin- 
ous and metalic ones, in syrup, honey or molasses. 
Resinous powders may be given, also, suspended in 
water, by the intervention of mucilage or sugar. 

PILLS.— PILULE. 

What are pills and their advantages, in prescription? 

They are small masses, of a globular shape, and of 
a size suitable for swallowing ; an eligible form for 
administering medicines which operate in small doses, 
are unpleasant to the taste and smell, and are insoluble 
and too heavy to be suspended in aqueous vehicles. 

What substances are unsuitable for pills? 

1. Those which require to be given in very large 
doses. 2. Deliquescent and efflorescent salts; the 
latter may be rendered fit, by depriving them of their 
water of crystal ization. 3. Substances requiring a 
large proportion of dry powder to impart proper con- 
sistence, as oils. And 4. Such as from their insoluble 
nature in the solid form, resist the solvent powers of 
the gastric juice. 

What are the directions for the preparation and pre- 
servation of pills ? 

The substance to be formed into pills, should be 
first made into a plastic mass of sufficient consistence 
to retain the globular form, when made into pills, 
without being so hard as to tax the solvent powers of 
the stomach. Many substances are employed to im- 
part the requisite softness and plasticity to pilular 
masses ; liquids and very soft substances are brought 
to this state by being mixed with some dry and inert 
powder, as crumb of bread, wheat flour, starch, or 



10 FOR1NIS IN WHICH USED. 

powdered gum arabic ; heavy metalic powders, with 
soft extracts, confections, soap, (fee. ; and light vegeta- 
ble powders, with syrup, molasses, honey or muci- 
lage, or what is better, a mixture of syrup and mu- 
cilage. Some substances require only the addition 
of water or a few drops of spirit, as some vegetable 
extracts, and certain gum-resins. The mass is formed 
into pills by rolling it with a spatula into a cylinder of 
uniform thickness, and dividing it by the hand or by 
a machine, and rolling the pieces between the fingers, 
to give them the proper form. To prevent them from 
adhering to each other, they may be agitated with 
some dry powder, as powdered liquorice root, starch or 
carbonate of magnesia ; care being taken not to em- 
ploy any substance, either for this purpose or in their 
composition, which is incompatible with the active 
ingredients of the pills. Pills are sometimes covered 
with gelatin, to conceal their disagreeable taste. (See 
U. S. Dispensatory, page 986.) The mass may be 
kept soft by wrapping it in bladders, putting it in cov- 
ered pots, and occasionally moistening it, as it be- 
comes dry. 

TROCHES.— TROCHISCI. 

What are troches or lozenges ? 

They are small solid masses, composed of powders, 
sugar and mucilage, intimately incorporated and usu- 
ally made into flat cakes and dried. 

How are they used ? 

They are held in the mouth and allowed to dis- 
solve slowly, in the saliva ; employed chiefly in affec- 
tions of the throat. 

CONFECTIONS.— CONFECTIONES. 

What are these, and how divided ? 

They are soft solids, made by incorporating medical 
substances with saccharine matter. They are divided 
into conserves and electuaries. 



FORMS IN WHICH USED. 15 

with which medicinal substances are sometimes incor- 
porated ; hence they are divided into simple syrup 
and medicated syrup. 

How are they prepared, and best preserved? 

Medicated syrups are prepared by dissolving refined 
sugar in vegetable infusions, decoctions, expressed 
juices, fermented liquors, or simple aqueous solutions, 
and are often concentrated by evaporating the watery 
fluid, with a moderate heat, where the active ingredi- 
ents are not liable to be injured by it. Principles 
which are not readily imparted to water, or are vola- 
tilized or decomposed by a heat of 212°, are some- 
times extracted by alcohol, which can be driven off 
with less heat than water. Medicated syrups are apt 
to undergo fermentation and other changes, to prevent 
which, several preservatives have been recommended; 
as sugar of milk, sulphate and chlorate of potassa, 
but it is best to prepare them in small quantities at a 
time, and keep them in well stopped bottles, entirely 
filled, in a cellar or some other cool place. 

HONEYS.- MELLITA. 

For what is honey used in pharmacy ? 

Only as a vehicle for active medicines. 

What are the advantages and disadvantages attend- 
ing it, as a vehicle? 

Its preparations are said to be less apt to become 
candied than those of syrup, but it is more apt to dis- 
agree with the stomach, and its variable consistence 
renders it difficult to apportion accurately the dose. 

What are those preparations called, in which honey 
and vinegar are combined ? 

Oxymels. 

LINIMENTS, OINTMENTS AND CERATES. 

What are these ? 

Liniments are preparations intermediate in consist- 



16 FORMS IN WHICH USED. 

ence, between that of water and ointments, intended 
to be applied to the skin by gentle friction with the 
hand. 

Ointments are fatty substances, about the consist- 
ence of butter, intended to be applied to the skin by 
inunction. 

Cerates are unctious compounds, consisting of oil 
or lard incorporated with wax, spermaceti or resin, and 
frequently with various medicinal agents. They are 
intermediate in consistence, between ointments and 
plasters; can be spread on linen or leather with a 
spatula, at ordinary temperatures, but do not melt or 
run when applied to the skin. 

CATAPLASMS AND PLASTERS. 

What are these ? 

Cataplasms or poultices are soft, moist preparations, 
intended for external application. They are general- 
ly prepared extemporaneously, and of different mate- 
rials, according to the indications to be fulfilled. 

Plasters are solid substances at ordinary tempera- 
tures, but become soft and adhesive with a moderate 
heat, which qualities they retain at the temperature of 
the human body. As met with in the shops, they are 
usually in cylindrical rolls, enveloped in paper. 

What is the basis of most plasters ? 

The Emplastrum Plumbi, or lead plaster ; a few 
owe their consistence to resin or wax. 

How are they prepared for use ? 

By spreading them on a piece of soft and pliable 
leather, as sheep skin, when they are to be applied to 
the sound skin, or upon linen or muslin, when intend- 
ed as dressings to abraded surfaces. A border of about 
half an inch in breadth, is usually left uncovered with 
the plaster, to prevent its soiling the clothes, and to 
facilitate its removal. This may be accurately done 
by means of two rulers made of sheet tin, (see a re- 
presentation on page 765, U. S. Dispensatory, edit. 



PARTS TO WHICH APPLIED. 17 

1845,) or by pasting a piece of paper upon the leather 
or cloth, with a portion cut out of the centre, of the 
shape arid dimensions of the intended plaster. The 
plaster may be melted with a heated spatula, and 
allowed to fall on a piece of coarse paper, and when 
nearly cool, uniformly spread on the leather. 

PARTS TO WHICH MEDICINES ARE APPLIED. 

What are they ? 

Medicines are applied to the stomach, the rectum, 
the skin, the tracheo-bronchial mucous membrane, the 
nasal or pituitary membrane, and are sometimes inject- 
ed into the veins. They aie also applied chiefly for 
their local effects, to the mucous membranes of the 
mouth, urethra, bladder, vagina, &c. 

The stomach. What is the mode of using medi- 
cines by the stomach called, and what are its advan- 
tages ? 

It is called the method by ingestion, and is the one 
most commonly and advantageously resorted to, on 
account of the great susceptibility of the stomach, its 
active absorbing power, and its strong and extensive 
relations in the system. 

The rectum. In what forms, and for what purpo- 
ses are medicines applied to this part? 

They are introduced in the solid and liquid state, 
and for one of two objects, — to evacuate the bowels, 
or to obtain the peculiar effects of the medicine. 

What are solid substances called, when used in this 
way, and how are they prepared for the purpose? 

They are called suppositories, made usually like 
pills, of a globular shape, and of a convenient size. 

W r hat are liquids called ? 

Clysters, injections or enemata. 

What are the general rules in relation to the dose of 
a medicine, and the quantity of liquid vehicle to be 
given by the rectum? 

The quantity of a medicine, as a general rule, is 
2# 



18 PARTS TO WHICH APPLIED, 

about three times the oidinary dose, but in cases of 
very active medicines, it is safer to begin with less. 
The proper quantity of liquid varies according to the 
object in view, and the age of the patient. If the 
medicine is to be retained, the bulk of the vehicle 
should be small, — from f § j. to f § ij., for an adult, — if 
to operate on the bowels, larger, — Oj. And the first 
impulse to evacuate the bowels, even in this case, 
should be resisted, or prevented, if necessary, by press- 
ing a folded towel against the part. 

The skin. How are medicines applied to this part ? 

They are applied either epidermically or endermi- 
cally, with the cuticle remaining or removed, and in 
the various forms of vapor, bath, lotion, fomentation j 
embrocation, ointment, cerate, &c. The endermic 
method is preferred, when the medicine acts by being 
absorbed. The cuticle may be removed by a blister, 
and the epigastrium or inner parts of the extremities 
are the places generally selected. 

What circumstances render a resort to this method 
advisable ? 

Inability or indisposition of the patient to swallow, 
or of the stomach to retain medicines ; inflammation 
of the gastric mucous membrane, or a want of sus- 
ceptibility of this part to the action of the medicine, 
from frequent repetition ; the necessity, in some urgent 
cases, of introducing medicine by every possible ave- 
nue; the indication to invite irritation from internal 
parts, by revulsion, or to apply the medicine to or as 
near the diseased part as possible. 

What is the relative dose by this method ? 

Two or there times the dose by the mouth. 

Tracheo- bronchial mucous membrane. How are 
medicines applied to this part ? 

Chiefly in the form of vapor, by an inhaler, or 
when this cannot be had, a tea-pot or basin, with an 
inverted funnel. 

Nasal or pituitary tnembrane. For what purposes 
are medicines applied to this part. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES USED. 19 

Mostly for their excitant or derivative effects on 
neighboring parts. When they produce a discharge, 
they are called errhines, when sneezing, sternutatories. 

Into the veins. What are the advantages and dis- 
advantages of this method ? 

The effects of medicines may be obtained very 
speedily in this way, and it is preferred by some, to the 
method of ingestion, as they suppose the virtues of 
medicines are injured or altered by the digestive pro- 
cess, in the latter case ; but the danger from introdu- 
cing too much liquid or air into the veins, is imminent, 
so much so, that it is seldom expedient to resort to it. 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES USED. 

What weights and measures are recognized by the 
U. S. Pharm., and used by the apothecary in com- 
pounding and dispensing his medicines? 

The apothecaries' iveight, and apothecaries' or wine 
measure, the divisions and equivalents of which, are 
as follows : 



Pound. Ounces. Drachms. Scruples. Grains. 
Ibl =. 12 — 96 = 28S = 5760 

§1 •= 8 == 24 = 480 

51 .' = 3 ■■== 60 

91 = gr. 20 

APOTHECARIES 5 OR WINE MEASURE. 

Gallon. Pints. Fluidounces. Fluidrachms. Minims. 
Cong. 1 __ 8 = 12S _ 1024 = 61440 
01 __ 16 _ 128 __ T680 
ill — S = 480 

f 3 l __ 7^60 
What approximate measures are sometimes substi- 
tuted for the above ? 



20 CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINES. 

A tea-cup, estimated to hold about f § iv. or a gill. 

A wine-glass, f § ij. 

A table-spoon, f g ss. 

A tea-spoon, f 5j. 

A drop is generally considered equivalent to a 
minim, but varies in size according to the nature of 
the fluid, and the size and shape of the vessel from 
which it is dropped. 



CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINES. 

What is Dr. Wood's classification of medicines, 
and the basis upon which it is founded ? 

His classification, which is founded on the relations 
that medicines bear to the human system, in a state 
of health, is as follows : 
Substances which act on the living body. 
General remedies. 
Stimulants. 
Permanent stimulants. 
Astringents. 
Tonics. 
DifTusable stimulants. 
Arterial stimulants. 
Cerebro-nervous stimulants. 
Cerebral stimulants. 
v Nervous stimulants. 
Sedatives. 

Arterial sedatives, or refrigerants. 
Nervous sedatives, or sedative narcotics. 
Local remedies. 

Affecting the functions. 
Emetics. 
Cathartics. 
Diuretics. 
Diaphoretics. 
Expectorants. 
Emmenagogues. 
Sialagogues. 
Errhines. 



CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINES. 21 

Affecting the organization. 
Rubefacients. 
Epispastics. 
Escharotics 
Operating mechanically. 
Demulcents. 
Emollients. 
Diluents. 
Medicines insusceptible of accurate classification. 
Ergot. 

Nux vomica. 
Arsenic. 
Mercury. 
Iodine. 
Substances which act on foreign matters contained 
within the body. 
Antacids. 
Anthelmintics. 



I. ASTRINGENTS. 

What are astringents ? 

They are substances which produce contraction and 
condensation of the living tissues. 

What is their modus operandi? 

Their general action is thought to be entirely vital , 
and is extended chiefly by nervous sympathy. 

What are their general effects upon the system ? 

They produce a gentle, but permanent excitement 
of the system, a harder and more contracted pulse, 
and a diminution of all the secretions. 

What circumstances indicate and contra-indicate 
their use ? 

They are indicated by all morbid discharges which 
depend upon relaxation of the tissues; contra-indica- 
ted by much general or local excitement, and by any 
discharge which is a mere effect of some disease, and 
which it is calculated to relieve. 

Mention some particular diseases in which astrin- 
gents are frequently employed. 

Hemorrhages, particularly of a passive character, 
diarrhoea, chronic dysentery, diabetes, catarrh of the 
bladder, ephidrosis, or profuse sweating, (fee. Locally, 
they are employed in external hemorrhages ; in in- 
flammatory affections of the throat, nostrils, rectum, 
vagina, urethra, (fee, after the active stage of the in- 
flammation has subsided ; and in relaxations of the 
vagina, uvula, anus, and other parts. 

How are astringents divided ? 

Into vegetable and mineral. 

To what proximate principle do the former owe 
their astringency? 

To tannin ) or tannic acid. 

What are the physical and chemical properties of 
this principle ? 

When pure, it is a yellowish-white, uncrystaliza- 



ASTRINGENTS. 23 

ble solid, of a strong astringent taste, and void of bit- 
terness. It is very soluble in water, moderately so in 
alcohol, but sparingly soluble in ether. Exposed to 
the air, it absorbs oxygen, and is partly converted into 
gallic acid. Its solution reddens litmus paper. Its 
ultimate constituents are carbon, hydrogen and oxy- 
gen. 

What are its relations to acids, alkalies, metallic 
oxides and salts, starch, albumen, gluten and gelatin ? 

In solution it forms precipitates with several of the 
acids, as the sulphuric, nitric, muriatic, and arsenic ; 
it unites with most of the salifiable basis, forming 
salts which are of difficult solubility. It affords pre- 
cipitates with most of the metallic oxides, and with 
many of the metallic salts ; with the sesquisalts of 
iron it forms a black precipitate, which is the basis of 
ink. It precipitates solutions of albumen, starch and 
gluten, and forms an insoluble compound with gelatin, 
which is the basis of leather. 

What are its therapeutical applications? 

It has been successfully used in hemorrhages ; in 
colliquative sweats, diarrhoea, &c. 

What is the dose and mode of administration? 

Dose, from gr. ss. to gr. ij. ; given in pill or solu- 
tion. 

1. Vegetable Astringents. 

What are some of the principal vegetable astrin- 
gents ? 

Oak bark, — white and black, — galls, kino, catechu, 
rhatany, logwood, cranesbill, blackberry root, dewber- 
ry root, uva ursi, and pipsissewa. 

WHITE-OAK BARK— QUERCUS ALBA.. 
BLACK-OAK BARK— QUERCUS TINCTORIA. 

What are the physical properties of these barks ? 
White-oak bark is of a light brown color, of a 



24 ASTRINGENTS. 

coarse texture, and of difficult pulverization. It has 
a feeble odor and an astringent, bitterish taste. Black- 
oak bark differs fioni the above by its greater bitter- 
ness, and by staining the saliva yellow, when chewed. 

What are their chemical properties? 

The chief ingredients of white-oak bark, are tan- 
nic and gallic acids ; of black- oak bark, tannin and 
a coloring principle called quercitrin — these are im- 
parted to water and alcohol. 

For what purposes are these varieties of oak-bark 
employed in the arts ? 

They are sometimes used for tanning leather; and 
the black-oak bark, in the form of a coarse powder, 
and under the name of quercitrin, is much employed 
in Europe for dying wool and silk of a yellow color. 

What are the medical properties and remedial ap- 
plications of oak-bark, both internally and exter- 
nally? 

It is astringent and slightly tonic; occasionally used 
internally, in chronic diarrhcea and dysentery ; in 
hemorrhages and intermittent fever, more frequently 
employed externally. In the form of decoction, it 
has been used as a bath in seme diseases of children, 
as marasmus, scrofula, cholera infantum, intermittent 
fever, &c. It is also used as a gargle in slight inflam- 
mation or relaxation of the uvula and tonsils ; as an 
injection in fluor albus, prolapsus of the uterus and 
rectum, and as a wash to flabby, ill-conditioned ulcers. 

Which, of the two officinal species, is to be preferred 
for internal use, and why ? 

The white-oak bark, as it is less apt to irritate the 
bowels ? 

W^hat are the forms of administration, and dose of 
each? 

Given in powder, decoction and extract. Dose of 
the powder, from 5 ss. to 5 j. ; of the decoction, pre- 
pared by boiling § j. in Oij. of water down to Oj., 
f § ij. ; of the extract, 20 grains. 



ASTRINGENTS. 25 

GALLS.— GALLA. 

What are these, and from what derived ? 

They are morbid excrescences, derived chiefly from 
the Quercus infectoria — a small tree or shrub growing 
in Asia Minor and Armenia. 

How are they produced ? 

They are formed in consequence of the irritation 
occasioned by the puncture of a hymenopterous insect, 
the Oynips quercusfolii of Linnaeus, which pierces 
the young branches and deposits its egg. 

From whence are they imported? 

From the Levant and the East Indies. 

What are their physical properties ? 

They are of a roundish shape, and of a size varying 
from that of a pea, to that of a large cherry. They 
are tuberculated externally, hollow and of a whitish 
color within. They have no odor, but a bitter and very 
astringent taste. 

What are the commercial varieties of galls, and what 
is the difference between them? 

There are two varieties — blue galls and ivhite galls. 
The former are collected before the escape of the 
insect, and are the best ; the latter after it has escaped 
and are perforated with around hole. These are also 
larger, of a lighter color and much inferior in as- 
tringency. 

What are the chemical properties of galls ? 

The most important ingredients are tannin and 
gallic acid, which are extracted by water and 
alcohol. 

With what substances are they incompatible in pre- 
scription ? 

With the mineral acids, the salts of lead and iron, 
the sulphate of copper, the nitrates of silver and mer- 
cury, the carbonates of ammonia and potassa, with 
tartar emetic and lime water, and with the infusions 
of cinchona, columbo, opium, ipecacuanha, (fee. 

What are their remedial uses? 



26 ASTRINGENTS. 

Though powerfully astringent, they are seldom em- 
ployed internally; occasionally given in chronic diar- 
rhoBa. In the form of infusion or decoction they are 
sometimes used as an astringent wash, injection or 
gargle, and an ointment made with one part of pow- 
dered galls to 8 parts of lard, to which opium is some- 
times added, is much used in hemorrhoidal affec- 
tions. 

How are they given, and what is the dose? 

Given in powder, infusions and tincture. Dose of the 
powder, 10 to 20 grains ; of the infusion, made in the 
proportion of p j. to Oj., f § j. tof § ij. The tincture is 
seldom given internally, chiefly used as a chemical 
re-agent. Dose f 5 ij. to f 5 iij. 

KINO. 

What is kino and its supposed origin ? 

It is thought to be an extract, derived from a plant 
not certainly known, probably from the Nauclea 
Gambir, a twining East India shrub. 

What are the different varieties of kino ? 

There are several varieties, viz : African kino, Ja- 
maica kino, Botany Bay kino, and East India, or 
Amboyna kino. 

Which of these is mostly used in this country ? 

The East India variety. 

What are its physical and chemical properties ? 

As found in our shops, it is usually in small angu- 
lar, shining, brittle fragments, of a deep brown color, 
and affords a powder of a lighter hue. It is without 
odor, but has a very astringent, bitterish taste. Its 
most important constituents are tannin and extractive, 
to the former of which it owes its astringency. Water 
dissolves it partially, alcohol, the larger portion. 

With what substances is it incompatible ? 

With all those enumerated under the head of galls. 

What are its medical properties and uses? 

It is a very efficient astringent, well suited for internal 



ASTRINGENTS. 27 

uses. It may be resorted to in all those conditions of 
the system which call for the use of astringents. 

What are the forms of administration, and the dose 
of each ? 

It is given in powder, infusion and tincture. Dose 
of the powder, 10 to 30 grains ; of the infusion, f § ss. 
to f §jss.; of the tincture, f 5 j. to f 5 ij. 

What is the objection to the tincture? 

It is apt to become gelatinous when kept. 

CATECHU. 

What is catechu? 

It is an extract, obtained from the wood of the 
Acacia Catechu, a small tree growing in Hindostan. 

What are its physical properties ? 

It occurs in irregular masses, weighing from a few 
ounces to a pound each ; of a chocolate brown color 
externally, and varying from a yellowish-brown, to a 
dark liver color internally ; it is brittle, and presents 
when broken, a smooth, shining, resinous fracture, in 
the best specimens. 

What are its impurities? 

It frequently contains sand, sticks, &c. 

What are its chemical and medical properties? 

They are nearly similar to those of kino, but it is 
more impure, and consequently less used internally. 

What are the forms of administration, and the dose 
of each? 

It is given in powder, infusion and tincture. Dose 
of the powder, 10 to 30 grains. The infusion, made 
in the proportion of 5 ij. to Ojss. of boiling water, to 
which cinnamon, or other aromatic, is sometimes 
added, may be given in the close of f % j. or f § ij. 
Dose of the tincture, f 5 j. to 5 iij. 

RHATANY.— KRAMERIA. 

What is this officinal! y ? 



28 ASTRINGENTS. 

It is the root of the Krameria triandra, a small 
plant or shrub growing in Peru. 

What are its physical properties? 

The roots are long and branching, varying in thick- 
ness from that of a quill to that of the thumb, and 
often attached to the common root stock, which is still 
larger and an inch or more in length. They consist 
of a reddish-brown bark, and a ligneous central por- 
tion, which is of a reddish-yellow color. The root is 
inodorous, but the bark has a strong astringent, some- 
what bitter taste. 

What are the relative virtues of the cortical and 
ligneous portions? 

The woody part is comparatively inert, and conse- 
quently the smaller pieces are preferred, as they con- 
tain less of this. 

What is its active ingredient, and its relation to 
water and alcohol ? 

The active principle is tannin, which is extracted 
by water and alcohol, along with the coloring matter 
of the root. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

They are the same with those of kino and catechu. 

What are the forms of administration, and the dose of 
each ? 

It is given in powder, decoction, tincture, and 
extract. Dose of the powder, 20 to 30 grains ; of the 
decoction, made by boiling one ounce in a point of 
water, f § j. to f § ij.; of the extract, prepared by eva- 
porating the tincture or infusion, 10 to 15 grains. 

LOGWOOD— H^MATOXYLON. 

From what tree is this derived ? 

From the HcBmatoxylon Campechianum, a tree of 
medium size, growing wild in Campeachy, and other 
parts of tropical America, and naturalized in Jamaica. 

In what state does the wood exist in commerce, and 
in the shops? 



ASTRINGENTS. 29 

It is imported in the form of billets, deprived of the 
sap-wood, and kept in the shops for medical use, in 
the state of chips or coarse powder. 

What are its sensible properties, and its relations to 
water and alcohol ? 

It is of a deep red color, becoming dark by expo- 
sure, of a faint agreeable odor, and of a sweetish 
astringent taste. It yields its virtues to water and 
alcohol. 

What is its characteristic ingredient? 

A peculiar coloring principle, called hematin, which 
is also dissolved by water and alcohol, and imparts to 
the solutions, a fine purple color. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

It is a mild astringent, given in chronic diarrhoea 
and dysentery, and in cholera infantum, after the ac- 
tive stage has subsided. 

How is it given, and what is the dose? 

Given in decoction and extract. Decoction pre- 
pared by boiling, § j. of the rasped wood in Oij. of 
water, down to Oj. Dose, f § j. to f § ij. Dose of the 
extract, 10 to 30 grains. 

CRANESBILL.— GERANIUM. 

What is cranesbill, officinally ? 

It is the root of the Geranium maculatum, an herb- 
aceous, perennial plant, growing in the woods, in every 
part of the United States. 

What are the physical properties of the root ? 

In the dried state, it is in pieces from one to two 
inches in length, and from a quarter to half an inch 
in diameter; contorted, wrinkled, tuberculated and 
beset with slender fibres, of an umber-brown color, 
externally ; reddish-gray internally. It is inodorous, 
but has an astringent taste, devoid of bitterness or 
other unpleasant flavor. 

What are its relations to water and alcohol ? 

They extract its virtues, which depend upon tannin. 
3# 



30 ASTRINGENTS. 

What is its character as an astringent ? 

It is one of our best and most efficient indigenous 
astringents, and in consequence of no unpleasant taste, 
it is well adapted to cases of children, and persons with 
delicate stomachs. 

What are some particular diseases in which it has 
been given with benefit ? 

Diarrhoea, chronic dysentery, the latter stages of 
cholera infantum, and hemorrhages; as an application 
to indolent ulcers; as an injection in gleet and leucor- 
rhoea, and as a gargle in relaxed uvula, and aphthous 
ulcerations of the throat. 

What are the forms of administration, and the dose 
of each? 

Given in powder and decoction. Dose of the pow- 
der, 20 to 30 grains. Of the decoction, made by boil- 
ing g j. in Ojss. to Oj. f S j. tof | ij. It is sometimes 
boiled in milk, for children. 

BLACKBERRY-ROOT— RUBUS VILLOSUS. 
DEWBERRY-ROOT.— RUBUS TRIVIALIS. 

What is the character of these plants ? 

The former is an erect prickly shrub ; the latter, a 
creeping briar; both of which are very common in 
the United States, their berries being much used for 
food. 

What is their active principle, and in what part of 
the root does it reside ? 

The active ingredient is tannin, which resides 
chiefly in the cortical portion, consequently, the small- 
est roots are the best. 

What are their medical properties and uses ? 

They are slightly tonic and strongly astringent. 
Given in chronic diarrhoea, &c. 

How are they given, and what is the dose? 

They are usually given in decoction, prepared by 
boiling § j. of the small roots, or the bark of the larger 
ones, in Ojss. of water, to Oj., and given in the dose 
of f § j. or § ij. Dose of the powder, 20 to 30 grains. 



ASTRINGENTS. 31 

UVA URSL 

What is this officinally ? 

The leaves of the Arbutus Uva Ursi, or bearberry, a 
small trailing, evergreen shrub, growing in the north- 
ern latitudes of the old and new continents, and in 
the United States, as far south as New Jersey. 

What aie the physical properties of the dried leaves? 

They are thick and coriaceous, with entire rounded 
margins, smooth, shining, and of a dark green color, 
on the upper surface ; paler and reticulated beneath. 
Their taste is bitterish and astringent, followed by a 
sense of sweetness. They are inodorous when fresh, 
but emit a faint odor when dried and pulverized, 
somewhat similar to that of hay. 

What are the peculiarities by which they may be 
distinguished from other leaves, with which they are 
sometimes adulterated? 

Their entire edges and reticulated under surfaces, 
together with their taste, will enable us to distinguish 
them from those of the Vaccinium Vitis Idcea, or red 
ivhortleberry , and the common box leaf, which are 
the most common adulterations; the former of which 
are sometimes minutely toothed on their edges, and 
dotted on their under surface ; while both are deficient 
in astringency. 

What are its active ingredients, and its relations to 
water and alcohol ? 

They owe their virtues to tannin and bitter extract, 
which they impart to water and alcohol. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

It is astringent and tonic, possessing, it is thought, a 
specific tendency to the urinary organs, for the diseases 
of which it is principally given, such as gravel, chronic 
nephritis, ulceration of the kidneys and bladder, dia- 
betes, catarrh of the bladder, &c. 

What are the forms of administration, and the dose 
of each? 

It is given in powder and decoction. Dose of the 



32 ASTRINGENTS. 

powder, from 20 to 60 grains ; of the decoction, made 
by boiling gj. in Ojss., down to Oj. f§j. to fgij., 
repeated 3 or 4 times a day. 

PIPSISSEWA.— CHIMAPHILA. 

What is pipsissewa? 

The leaves of the Chimaphila wnbellata, or winter 
green. 

What is the character of this plant, and where does 
it grow ? 

It is a small, beautiful evergreen, growing in the 
northern parts of Europe and Asia, and in all parts of 
the United States. 

How may the leaves be distinguished from the uva 
ursi, with which they are sometimes mixed? 

By their greater length, their cuneiform or wedge 
shape, and their seriated edges. 

What are their sensible properties ? 

The fresh leaves, when bruised, emit a peculiar 
odor; their taste is bitter, astringent and somewhat 
sweetish. 

What are their active principles, and their relations 
to water and alcohol ? 

Their active ingredients are tannin and bitter ex- 
tractive , both of which are dissolved by boiling water, 
and by alcohol. 

What are the medical properties and therapeutical 
applications of pipsissewa ? 

It is diuretic, tonic and astringent, and has been 
advantageously used in dropsies, especially when at- 
tended with debility and disordered digestion. It has 
also been used, it is said, with benefit in scrofula, and 
in all those nephritic affections, in which uva ursi is 
recommended. 

How is it given, and what is the dose? 

It is usually given in decoction, made by boiling 

§ ij. in Oiij. to Oij., the half of which may be taken 

in the course of 24 hours. The watery extract may 



ASTRINGENTS. 33 

be given in the dose of 20 or 30 grains, 3 or 4 times 
a day. 

What other vegetable substances are occasionally 
used for their astringency ? 

The rind of the pomegranate, (granatum,) the pe- 
tals of the red rose, (rosa gallica,) the bark and unripe 
fruit of the persimmon, (Diospyros Virginiana,) tor- 
mentil, or the root of the Tormentilla erecta, and 
bistort, or the root of the Polygonum Bistorta. 

What are the officinal preparations of red roses — 
Rosa Gallica? 

The two most important, are the confection of roses, 
(confectio rosse,) and the compound infusion of roses, 
(infusum rosee compositum.) 

What are the uses of these ? 

The confection is chiefly used in the formation of 
pills. The compound infusion, which is refrigerant 
and astringent, owing to the small proportion of sul- 
phuric acid it contains, is sometimes used as a drink, 
in hemorrhages and colliquative sweats ; but it is 
more frequently employed as a vehicle for sulphate 
of magnesia and other saline medicines, the taste of 
which it partly covers. 

What are the uses of rose water, (aqua rosse,) an 
officinal preparation of the Rosa centifolia, or hundred 
leaved rose ? 

It is used in connection with other substances, as a 
lotion for the eyes and other parts, on account of its 
pleasant odor. 

What are the remedial uses of the unguentum 
aqua rosm, prepared from it ? 

It is much employed under the name of cold cream, 
as a cooling application to irritated and excoriated sur- 
faces, and to chapped lips and hands. 

2. — Mineral Astringents. 

What mineral substances are used chiefly for their 
astringency ? 

Alum, and some of the preparations of lead. 



34 ASTRINGENTS. 

ALUM.— ALUMEN. 

What is alum, chemically ? 

It is a double salt, consisting of sulphate of alumina 
and potassa. 

What are its sources ? 

It sometimes occurs native, but is more frequently 
prepared from alum ores, which contain some or all 
of its constituents, or by the direct combination of its 
constituents. 

What are its physical properties ? 
It crystalizes in regular octohedrons, but as met 
with in the shops, it is usually in crystaline masses, 
which are transparent, colorless, inodorous, and of a 
sweetish astringent taste. 

What are the effects of exposure to the air and to 
heat ? 

It effloresces slightly, in the air, and when exposed 
to heat, it flist melts in its water of crystalization, 
then parts with it, and is converted into a white porous 
mass, constituting the officinal dried alum. By a red 
heat, part of the sulphuric acid is driven off, and a 
mixture of sulphate of potassa and pure alumina 
remains. 

What is its relation to water? 

It is dissolved by cold, but more readily by boiling 
water. 

What are its chemical incompatibles ? 

The alkalies and their carbonates ; lime and mag- 
nesia, and their carbonates ; tartrate of potassa, and 
acetate of lead. 

What is its character as an astringent, and its thera- 
peutical applications as such? 

It possesses the property of astringency, in a high 
degree, for which it is used, both internally and exter- 
nally. Internally administered, it has been found 
useful in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery — in passive 
hemorrhages — in atonic mucous discharges — in the 
colliquative sweatings of hectic, and in colica picto- 



ASTRINGENTS. 35 

num, (fee. As a topical application, it is used to arrest 
hemonhages from minute vessels; as from leech bites 
— in epistaxis — in menorrhagia, &c. In inflammatory 
affections of the throat, it is much used as a gargle, 
prepared with water, vinegar and honey ; and in the 
early stages of the inflammatory sore throat of scarla- 
tina, measles and small pox, it has proved useful, 
applied in the form of powder, either by means of 
the finger, or by insufflation. As a collyrium, it is 
used in chronic ophthalmia, and as an injection, in 
gleet and fluor albus. 

What are the modes of administration ? 

It is given in powder, pill or solution, and some- 
times in the form of alum lohey, prepared by boiling 
5 ij. of powdered alum in Oj. of milk, and straining. 

What is the dose ? 

Dose, in substance, from 5 to 20 grains ; of the 
whey, a wine glass full. The gargle made in the 
proportion of 15 to 20 grains to the fluidounce of 
water. 

What is alum cataplasm, and its remedial use? 

It is a coagulum, formed by rubbing alum with the 
whites of eggs ; used as an astringent application, in 
chronic and purulent ophthalmia, placed over the eye, 
between folds of linen. 

What is alum curd, and its use ? 

It is a coagulum, formed with milk; used some- 
times as a substitute for the cataplasm. 

LEAD.— PLUMBUM. 

What are the effects of lead, on the system ? 

In the metallic state, it is considered inert, but in its 
various preparations, it is astringent and sedative. 

What are the poisonous effects of its preparations ? 

In small doses, long continued, they produce a pe- 
culiar spasmodic colic, called lead colic, and partial 
paralysis, which depend upon their absorption. In 
large doses, they act locally, as irritant poisons, and in 



36 



ASTRINGENTS. 



consequence of the irritation produced, absorption is 
retarded, and the peculiar poisonous impression of 
lead, less apt to result. 

How are its poisonous effects best counteracted? 

By the administration of opium and sulphate of 
magnesia, or sulphate of soda; the former allays the 
spasm and pain in the bowels, while the latter evacu- 
ates them, and, at the same time, acts as an antidote, 
by converting any portion of the preparation, remain- 
ing in the bowels, into a sulphate which is insoluble, 
and consequently inactive. 

What are the preparations of lead mostly used ? 

Litharge, or the semivitrified oxide ; the carbonate, 
the acetate and the subacetate. 

LITHARGE— PLUMBI OXIDUM SEMIVITREUM. 



What is litharge, chemically, and how is it pre- 
pared ? 

It is the protoxide of lead, rendered crystaline by 
fusion. It is obtained in the process for extracting 
silver from argentiferous galenas. Argentiferous lead, 
or an alloy of silver and lead is first extracted from 
the ore, which is then calcined in a current of air, 
when the lead is converted into litharge, by oxidation 
and fusion. 

What are its physical properties ? 
It is in small vitrified scales, of a red or yellow 
color, and without odor or taste. 

What are its impurities ? 

It usually contains copper, iron, silica and silver. 

What are its uses ? 

It is never given internally. Its chief use is in the 
preparation of the lead plaster, Emplastrum Plumbi. 

How is this plaster prepared ? 

By boiling litharge with olive oil and water, over a 
slow fire, constantly stirring, until the oil and litharge 
unite in a plaster. 



ASTRINGENTS. 37 

What is the object of the water, in this process, and 
what chemical changes are supposed to take place? 

Water is necessary to effect a union of the other 
ingredients. According to Chevreul, it is an instance 
of saponification. A re-action of the constituents of 
the oil, and of a small portion of the water, takes 
place, by which a sweetish substance, called glycerin 
and oleic , and margarie acids, are formed : the acids 
combine with the oxide, and form a mixture of oleo- 
margarate of lead, — the plaster. 

What are its medicinal and pharmaceutical uses? 

Lead plaster, or diachylon, as it is frequently called, 
is used to retain the edges of fresh wounds in contact, 
and to protect them from the action of the air ; but 
chiefly in the preparation of other plasters, in many 
of which it exists as the basis. 

CARBONATE OF LEAD.— PLUMBI CARBON AS. 

By what other name is this preparation called ? 

White lead, and sometimes ceruse. 

How is it prepared. 

It is prepared by two methods. One consists in 
passing carbonic acid through a solution of subacetate 
of lead, when the carbonic acid combines with the 
excess of protoxide to form the carbonate, which pre- 
cipitates and leaves a neutral acetate in solution. The 
other method, which is practiced on a large scale in 
the United States, consists in exposing plates of lead 
to the fumes of vinegar or acetic acid. 

What are its physical properties and its relation to 
water ? 

It is in the form of a heavy, white opaque powder 
or lumps, devoid of odor or taste, and is insoluble in 
water. 

What are its medical properties and uses? 

It is said to be astringent and sedative, but being the 
most poisonous preparation of lead, it is never given 
internally : externally it is sometimes used as a topical 
4 



38 ASTRINGENTS. 

application in neuralgia, and to ulcerated and excori- 
ated parts ; applied usually in the form of ointment 
or cerate; sometimes the powder is sprinkled on the 
part. 

What are the uses of the officinal plaster — Emplas- 
trum Plumbi Carbonatis? 

It is used as an application to inflamed and excori- 
ated surfaces, as those occurring on the back and hips 
from long confinement in one position. 

ACETATE OF LEAD— PLUMBI ACETAS. 

What is the common name for this preparation, and 
how is it prepared ? 

Commonly called sugar of lead. Prepared by two 
methods — one consists in dissolving litharge in dis- 
tilled vinegar, by the aid of heat, and ciystalizing 
the solution ; by the other, a solution of this salt is 
obtained by the combined action of the air and vine- 
gar upon plates of lead — the plates being partly 
immersed in vinegar and occasionally turned, so as to 
expose them alternately to the action of the air and of 
the vinegar. 

Wliat are its physical properties ? 

It is a white salt, crystalized in prismatic needles, 
with dihedral summits. It has an acetous odor and a 
sweetish astringent taste. 

What is its chemical composition ? 

It consists of 1 eq. of acetic acid, 1 of protoxide of 
lead, and 3 of water. 

How is it affected by exposure to the air? 

It effloresces slowly in the air. 

What are its relations to water and alcohol ? 

It is dissolved by water and alcohol ; forming with 
the first, a turbid solution, owing to the carbonic acid 
it contains. This may be prevented by the addition 
of a small quantity of vinegar. 

What are its incompatibles? 

It is incompatible with all acids and many salts ; 



ASTRINGENTS. 39 

with the alkalies, lime water, vegetable astringents, 
mucilage and many other substances. 

What are its medical properties and therapeutical 
applications ? 

It is powerfully astringent and sedative, and may 
be given in medical doses, not too long continued, 
without risk of producing poisonous effects. It is 
much used, either alone or combined with opium, in 
hemorrhages, dysentery, diarrhoea, cholera infantum, 
dec. In solution, it is used as a topical application in 
superficial inflammation, as injection in gonorrhoea, gleet 
and leucorrhoea, and as a coltyrium in ophthalmia when 
unaccompanied with ulceration of the cornea ; other- 
wise, it is apt to be deposited in the ulcers and leave 
an indelible stain. 

What is the dose and mode of administration? 

Medium close, 2 grains, repeated several times a day; 
usually given in pills, sometimes in water, acidulated 
with vinegar. Strength of the solution as a collyrium, 

1 or 2 grains to f §j of water; of the injection, from 

2 to 5 grains to the fluidounce, and as a lotion for the 
sound skin, 5 ij to Oj. 

SOLUTION OF SUBACETATE OF LEAD.— LIQUOR PLUMBI 
SUBACETATIS. 

What is the common name of this solution, and 
what is the mode of preparation? 

It is commonly called Goulard's extract of lead. 
Prepared by boiling a mixture in due proportions of 
acetate of lead, litharge and distilled water. The 
acetic acid combines with an additional portion of the 
oxide to form the subacetate. 

What are its sensible properties? 

It is a colorless liquid, of an acetous odor and a 
sweetish astringent taste. 

What are the effects of exposure ? 

It attracts carbonic acid from the air, and deposits 
a white precipitate of carbonate of lead; hence it 
should be kept in well stopped bottles. 



40 TONICS. 

What are its remedial uses ? 

It is used only as an external application, in sprains, 
bruises, burns, blisters, &c, applied by means of linen 
cloths kept constantly wet. 

What is the proper strength for use ? 

It is too strong and should aways be diluted ; f 5 ij. 
or f 5 iij., may be added to Oj. of distilled water. 

What are the uses of the cerate of subacetate of 
lead — Ceratum Plumbi Subacetatisl 

Goulard 's cerate, as it is commonly called, is a 
useful application to blistered surfaces indisposed to 
heal ; to burns, scalds, chilblains and some cutaneous 
eruptions. 

What other mineral preparations are frequently 
employed for their astringency ? 

The sulphates of zinc, iron and copper, &c, but 
these possess also tonic properties and are treated of 
under that head. 



II. TONICS. 

Wliat are tonics ? 

They are moderately excitant substances, the con- 
tinued administration of which imparts strength and 
vigor to the debilitated system. 

What is their modus operandi 9 

Operating upon the vital principle, they increase 
the energies of the digestive organs, and through the 
medium of the nerves or blood-vessels, impart vigor 
to the whole system. 

In what conditions of the system are they likely to 
prove useful, and hurtful? 

The moderate but permanent excitement which 
they produce, render them useful in relaxation and de- 
bility, and hurtful in diseases of excitement and in a 
state of health ; as all excitement above the standard 
of health is followed by a corresponding depression. 



TONICS. 41 

How are tonics divided ? 

Into vegetable and mineral, according to the king- 
doms from which they were originally derived. 

To what principles do they owe their tonic powers? 

The virtues of most vegetable tonics depend upon 
bitter extractive, or upon a principle possessing bitter- 
ness. Mineral tonics have no principle in common, to 
which their tonic property may be ascribed. 

1. Vegetable Tonics. 

What is Dr. Wood's division of these? 
He divides them into 1., pure bitters; 2, bitters of 
peculiar or modified properties ; and 3, aromatics. 

1. PURE BITTERS. 

What are the effects of these on the system ? 

In moderate doses, they increase the appetite and 
promote digestion, without exerting much influence 
over either the circulatory or nervous systems. In 
large closes , they sometimes purge and vomit. 

What are the articles composing this division? 
Quassia, simaruba bark, goldthread, gentian, 
American centaury and columbo. 

QUASSIA. 

What is quassia omcinally? 

The wood of the Quassia excelsa and Quassia amara 
— the former a tall tree, sometimes 100 feet high, 
growing in Jamaica and other West India islands ; 
the latter a small tree or shrub inhabiting Surinam. 

From which of these trees is quassia chiefly 
obtained? 

From the Quassia excelsa. 

What are its physical properties ? 

It is imported in cylindrical billets of various sizes, 
frequently covered with a smooth whitish brittle bark. 
4# 



42 TONICS. 

The wood is light, of a pale-yellow color, inodorous 
and of an intensely bitter taste. It is kept in the 
shops split into small pieces, or rasped. 

What is its active ingredient, and its solubility in 
water and alcohol ? 

Active principle, bitter extractive, called quassin, 
which is extracted by water and alcohol. 

What are its medical properties and therapeutical 
applications ? 

It is one of the most efficient of the pure bitters, 
and may be given in all cases requiring a simple tonic 
impression. Much used in dyspepsia, depending on 
atony of the digestive organs. 

What are the forms of administration, and the dose 
of each? 

Given in infusion, extract and tincture. Infusion, 
made in the proportions of 3 ij. to Oj. of cold water; 
dosefgij. 3 or 4 times a day ; dose of the extract, 
from 2 to 5 grains ; of the tincture, f 3 j. to f 3 ij. 

SIMARUBA. 

What is this officinally ? 

The bark of the root of the Quassia Simaruba.. 

What are its medical properties and uses. 

It is similar in properties to quassia, and may be 
given for the same purposes. It is seldom employed 
in this country; formerly much used in France in 
dysentery and diarrhoea. 

How is it given, and in what dose ? 

Best given in infusion made in the proportion of 
3 ij. or 3 iij. to Oj of boiling water, dose f gij. : dose 
of the powder, from a scruple to a drachm. 

GOLDTHREAD.— COPTIS. 

What is this officinally ? 
The root of the Coptis trifolia. 
What is the character of this plant, and place of 
growth ? 



toxics. 43 

It is a small evergreen, with threadlike, orange- 
yellow roots, much resembling the strawberry in ap- 
pearance. It inhabits the northern latitudes of Asia 
and America, and abounds in Canada and the New 
England States. 

What are its medical properties and uses? 

It is a simple bitter, closely resembling quassia in 
medical properties, and may be given in similar cases. 

What are the forms of administration, and the dose 
of each? 

It may be given in substance, infusion or tincture. 
Dose of the powder, from 10 to 30 grains ; of the 
infusion, made in the proportion of § j. to Oj. of boil- 
ing water, f § j. to f § ij. ; of the tincture made in the 
same proportions, f 5 j. to f 5 ij. 

GENTIAN.— GENTIAN A. 

What is gentian officinally ? 

It is the root of the Gentiana lutea. 

What is the character of this plant, and place of 
growth ? 

It is a beautiful plant, from 3 to 4 feet high, bearing 
large yellow flowers, which appear in July. It is a 
native of the mountainous regions of Central Europe. 

What are the physical properties of the root as 
found in the shops? 

It is in pieces of various sizes ; sometimes split lon- 
gitudinally, with a wrinkled grayish-brown epidermis, 
yellowish within, and of a soft spongy texture. Its 
odor is faint but peculiar, and its taste at first sweetish, 
afterwards intensely bitter. It affords a yellowish 
powder. 

What are its relations to water and alcohol? 

These solvents extract its virtues, which according 
to Henry and Caventou, depend on a peculiar crys- 
talizable principle, called by them gentianin', but 
this has been since found to be impure and not the 
active bitter principle which remains jQt to be sepa- 
rated. 



44 TONICS. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

It is an excellent bitter tonic, more generally em- 
ployed than any other of the same class. In very 
large doses it has been known to vomit and purge. 
The diseases in which it has proved useful, are atonic 
dyspepsia, gout, amenorrhcea, hysteria, scrofula, diar- 
rhoea, worms, &c. 

What are the forms of administration, and the dose 
of each? 

It is seldom given in powder, usually in the form 
of infusion, tincture or extract. Dose of the powder, 
from 10 to 30 grains ; of the infusion, made with § ss. 
to Oj. of water, f | j. to f |ij.; dose of the tincture, 
f 3 j. to f 5ij ; of the extract, 5 to 30 grains. There 
is an officinal compound infusion, which may be 
given in the dose of f § j. 

AMERICAN CENTAURY— SABBATIA. 

What is the character of this plant, and place of 
growth ? 

The Sabbatia angularis or American centaury ', is 
an annual herbaceous plant, with an erect stem from 
one to two feet high, and grows abundantly in the 
Middle and Southern States, in low grounds ; flower- 
ing in July and August. 

At what season should the herb be collected ? 

Whilst in flower. 

What are its sensible properties, and its relations to 
water and alcohol ? 

Its taste is purely and strongly bitter ; and its vir- 
tues are extracted, both by water and alcohol. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

It is analogous, in its action, to the other simple 
bitters, and has been given in the apyrexia of inter- 
mittents, in slow convalescence frotn acute diseases, 
dyspepsia, &c. 

How is it best given, and what is the close ? 

Best given in infusion, made with §,j. to Oj. of 
boiling w r ater. Dose, f § ij. 



toxics. 45 

COLUMBO.— COLOMBA. 

What is col umbo, officinal ly ? 

The root of the Cocculus palmatus, a climbing 
plant inhabiting the thick forests of Mozambique. 

How is the root prepared for market, and from 
whence is it imported ? 

The roots are dug up in March, and the offsets from 
the main root, the part used, are cut into transverse 
slices and dried in the shade. It is sent by the Por- 
tuguese, from the south-east of Africa, to India, and 
then distributed to various parts of the world. 

What are its physical properties, as met with in our 
shops ? 

It is in flat, circular pieces, from 3 to 10 lines thick, 
and from half an inch to three inches in diameter. 
The pieces consist of a brownish, wrinkled epidermis, 
a thick, yellowish inner bark, and a light, spongy, 
grayish -yellow central portion, which is depressed, 
from the shrinking during drying, and frequently 
marked with concentric circles and radiating lines. It 
has a feeble aromatic odor, and a strong, purely bitter 
taste, which is greater in the cortical than in the cen- 
tral portion. The pieces are brittle, easily pulverized, 
and affords a greenish-yellow powder. 

What are its chemical properties ? 

It contains a crystaline, very bitter principle, called 
colombin, on which its tonic properties depend : 
about one-third of its weight of starch, mucilage, a 
trace of volatile oil, &c. Boiling water and alcohol 
extract its virtues. 

What are its medical properties and therapeutical 
application ? 

It is one of the best bitter tonics, and may be given 
in all cases in which the simple bitters are indicated. 
It is frequently associated in prescription, with other 
tonics, with aromatics, mild purgatives and antacids ; 
and an infusion made with columbo, ginger and 
senna, is highly spoken of by Dr. Wood, as a remedy 



46 TONICS. 

for the permanent cure of a disposition to flatulent 
accumulations in the bowels. 

What are the forms of administration, and the dose 
of each? 

It is given in powder, infusion and tincture. Dose 
of the powder, 10 to 30 grains. The infusion is pre- 
pared by macerating half an ounce in a pint of boil- 
ing water, which dissolves also a portion of starch, and 
causes the infusion to spoil very soon ; hence the 
Edinburgh College directs it to be made with cold 
water, by percolation. Dose of the infusion, from 
f §j. to f §ij. ; of the tincture, f 5 j. to f 5 ij. 

2. BITTERS OP PECULIAR OR MODIFIED PROPERTIES. 

How are these divided ? 

" Into 1. Those having a peculiar alkaline princi- 
ple, as Peruvian bark. 2. Those in which the bitter 
principle is modified by combination with a sedative 
principle, as wild cherry bark. And 3. Those in 
which it is associated with a stimulant principle, usu- 
ally a volatile oil, as serpentaria." 

Peruvian bark.— cinchona. 

What are the sources of Peruvian bark ? 

It is derived from different species of Cinchona, 
tall shrubs or large forest trees, inhabiting the Andes, 
from 11° N. L.,to20° S. L. 

What are the officinal varieties of bark, and the 
botanical origin of each ? 

There are three officinal varieties : — 1, pale bark ; 
2, yellow bark ; and 3, red bark. The exact species 
from which these varieties are respectively derived, is 
unknown; though the London College refers the pale 
bark to the C. lancifolia, the yellow to the C. cordi- 
folia, and the red to the C. oblongifolia. 

From whence are the officinal barks imported ? 

From the Pacific ports of South America. 



TONICS. 47 

What are Carthagena barks 9 

This name is applied to all those inferior varieties, 
which are brought from the northern Atlantic ports of 
South America. 

1. Pale bark. — Cinchona pallida. What origi- 
nated this name, and by what other title is this variety 
frequently called ? 

The epithet pale is derived from the color of the 
powder, and that of gray, by which the French dis- 
tinguish this variety, from the color of the epidermis. 
The pale barks ate also known, in commerce, by the 
name of Loxa barks ; and those of superior quality 
are sometimes called crown bark of Loxa. 

What are the physical properties of pale bark ? 

It is met with in the shops, in the form of quills, 
either single or double, from a few inches to a foot 
and a half in length, from two lines to an inch in 
diameter, and from a half to two or three lines in 
thickness. The epidermis, which is always present, 
is of a grayish color, owing to the lichens which cover 
it, and is usually marked with circular and longitudi- 
nal fissutes. The interior surface of the quills is 
smooth, and of a cinnamon-brown color. The pow- 
der is of a pale-fawn color. Its odor is feeble, and its 
taste moderately bitter, and somewhat aromatic and 
astringent. 

2. Yellow bark. — Cinchona flava. What is this 
variety commonly called, in commerce ? 

Calisaya bark ; and by the French, royal yellow 
bark. 

What are the varieties of yellow bark, and the 
physical properties of each ? 

The varieties are two: — the quilled and the flat; 
the former occurs in commerce, in pieces from half a 
foot to a foot and a half long, ftom half an inch to 
two or three inches in diameter, and from two to six 
lines in thickness. The epidermis, which is partially- 
covered with grayish-white lichens, is rough, wrinkled 
longitudinally, furrowed transversely, easily separable 



4S TONICS. 

from the proper bark, and yields, when pulverized 
separately, a dark red powder, which is tasteless and 
inert. The flat pieces, like the quilled, are of vari- 
ous lengths, from 1 to 4 inches broad, and generally 
freed of their epidermis. Both sorts break with a 
fibrous, splintery fracture, are of a brownish-yellow 
color within and without, when deprived of the epi- 
dermis, and yield an orange-yellow powder. Its taste 
is less astringent than that of the pale variety, but 
more bitter and nauseous. 

What is the relative strength of the quilled and flat 
varieties, and what the supposed cause of their physi- 
cal differences ? 

The flat variety, though weaker than the bark pro- 
per of the quilled, yields a larger per cent, of the 
active principles, because free from epidermis. The 
cause of their most striking difference, is supposed to 
be owing to the quills being derived from the small 
blanches, and the flat pieces from the large ones and 
from the trunks. 

3. Red bark. — Cinchona rubra. What are the 
physical properties of this variety ? 

Like yellow bark, it is imported in quills and flat 
pieces ; the quills being about the same size, while 
the flat pieces are sometimes very large and thick as 
if derived from the trunk of a tree. They are 
covered with a reddish-brown, sometimes gtayish 
epidermis, which is rough, wrinkled, furrowed and 
often warty. The powder is of a pale reddish-brown 
color; the odor feebly aromatic, and the taste bitter 
and astringent. 

What are the varieties of Carthagena barks, and 
the signs by which they may be distinguished from 
the officinal varieties? 

There are several varieties, as the yellow Cartha- 
gena bark, the brown Carthagena bark, the red Car- 
thagena bark, &c. The following marks, among 
others, will distinguish them : their whitish, smooth, mi- 
caceous epidermis ; their less bitter and more disagree- 



TONICS. 49 

able taste, and the comparative small quantity of 
alkaline matter which they contain. 

What are the chemical properties, and chemical 
differences of the several varieties of bark? 

The most important ingredients of bark and those 
upon which its virtues chiefly depend, are two peculiar 
alkalies, quinia and cinchonia, which exist in combi- 
nation with kinic acid: the other constituents are 
tannin, two peculiar coloring matters called cinchonic 
red and cinchonic yellow, fatty matter, kinate of lime, 
starch, lignin and gum, in the pale barks. The three 
officinal varieties of bark differ much in the proportion 
of the alkaloids they contain : thus quinia predom- 
inates in yellow bark, cinchonia in pale bark, while 
they are contained in nearly equal proportions in red 
bark. 

Quinia and Cinchonia. What are the physical 
properties of these alkalies, and their chemical rela- 
tions ? 

Quinia, when pure, is a white amorphous powder, 
inodorous and of a very bitter taste ; is almost insolu- 
ble in wate^ very soluble in alcohol, soluble in ether 
and the fixed and volatile oils. Cinchonia is a white 
chrystaline substance, nearly insoluble in cold, but 
slightly soluble in boiling water; less soluble in alco- 
hol, ether and the oils, than quinia, and has a taste 
less bitter. They both form salts with acids, the tar- 
trates, gallates and oxalates ; being insoluble in cold 
water, unless the acid be in excess. 

With what substances is bark incompatible ? 

With the^alkalies and alkaline earths, and with 
all vegetable tinctures, infusions and decoctions, con- 
taining tannic acid; the former, precipitating the 
alkaline principles in a separate state ; the latter, 
forming with them insoluble tannates. Other sub- 
stances may form precipitates with its inert ingredients, 
and not incompatible in prescription. 

What are its effects on the system ? 

It is eminently tonic, and by its peculiar excitant 



50 



TONICS. 



action on the nervous system, is antiperiodic. In 
large closes it sometimes produces nausea and vomiting-, 
and not unfrequently purges. Given so as to bring 
the system under its full influence, it produces a feel- 
ing of tension or fullness in the head, with ringing in 
the ears and partial deafness. 

What are its therapeutical applications, both as 
a tonic, and as an antiperiodic? 

As a tonic, bark and its various preparations are 
more highly esteemed and generally employed, than 
any other article of the Materia Medica. It may be 
given in all conditions of the system requiring the 
use of tonics, provided the stomach and digestive 
organs be not in an irritable condition : as in the 
latter stages of typhus gravior, and malignant scarla- 
tina, in the suppurative stage of small pox and car- 
buncle, and in all other cases in which the system is 
exhausted from large purulent discharges, in gangre- 
nous erysipelas, in convalescence from acute diseases, 
in scrofula, dropsy, passive hemorrhages, dyspepsia, 
hysteria, amenorrhcea, &c. As an antiperiodic, it is 
the most efficacious ; given in intermittent fevers, in 
remittent fevers, with decided remissions, and in neu- 
ralgic affections, rheumatism, headache, amaurosis, 
stricture, epilepsy, &c, recurring at regular intervals. 

What are the modes of administration, the advanta- 
ges and disadvantages of each, and their doses? 

It is given in powder, in infusion, simple and com- 
pound, in decoction, tincture, simple and compound, 
and in the form of extract. The form of powder to 
be preferred, when a very powerful impression is 
desired ; objectionable on account of its disagreeable 
taste and its tendency to oppress and irritate the stom- 
ach and bowels. But given diffused in water or some 
aromatic infusion ; often combined with opium, which 
corrects its tendency to purge, and increases its anti- 
periodic powers. Dose from 10 to 30 grains ; as a 
tonic, pale bark preferred ; red or yellow bark,- most 
efficient as an antiperiodic; dose 3j , repeated so that 



TONICS. 51 

§j. or more maybe taken during the intermission. 

Infusion, (Infusum Cinchona, made by macerating 
§ j. in Oj. of boiling water ; may be given as a tonic ? 
in the dose of f § ij. Not sufficiently potent as an 
antiperiodic. 

Compound infusion, (Infusum Cinchonas. Composi- 
tum,) prepared with §j. to Oj. of cold water, acidu- 
lated with f 5 j. of aromatic sulphuric acid, is a much 
better and more efficient preparation than the last ; 
the sulphuric acid combining with the alkalies and 
facilitating their solution. Dose f § ij. 

Decoction, (Decoctum Cinchonas,) prepared by 
boiling §j. in Oj. of water for 10 minutes in a 
covered vessel, may be given in the dose of f §j. or 
f § ij. This form is objectionable, as the virtues of 
bark are injured by long boiling, and even prepared 
as above, insoluble compounds are formed, which 
precipitate a portion of the alkalies on cooling, and 
render the decoction turbid ; to obviate this the addi- 
tion of aromatic sulphuric acid is recommended. 

Tincture, ( Tinctura Cinchonas,) — a very strong 
preparation, but seldom given alone, on account of 
the large proportion of alcohol contained in an ordi- 
nary dose; usually given as an adjuvant to the infu- 
sion or decoction, in the proportion of f 5 j. or f 5 ij., to 
f § ij. of either of these preparations. 

Compound tincture, ( Tinctura Cinchonas Com- 
posita,) which contains orange peel, Virginia snake- 
root, saffron and red saunders, and commonly known 
by the name of Huxham's tincture of bark, is a more 
agreeable, but less powerful tonic than the simple 
tincture, and like it is frequently associated with the 
infusion and decoction. Dose, from f 5 j. to f § ss. 

Extract, (Extraction Cinchonas) — prepared by 
means of water and alcohol ; contains most of the 
principles of cinchona, but is seldom used since the 
introduction of sulphate of quinia into medicine. 
Dose, 10 to 30 grains. 

Sulphate of Quinia. How is this salt prepared^ 



52 TONICS. 

and what are its physical and chemical properties ? 

Yellow bark is boiled in water and muriatic acid, 
by which a muriate of quinia is formed; lime is 
added to the decoction, which displaces the quinia 
and allows it to precipitate, by combining with the 
muriatic acid to form a muriate of lime, which re- 
mains in solution. The precipitate is washed in dis- 
tilled water, dried, and digested in alcohol. The 
alcohol is then distilled off, and upon the brown viscid 
mass remaining, sufficient sulphuric acid, largely dilu- 
ted with water, is added to saturate the quinia. To 
this solution, animal charcoal is added, to remove the 
coloring matter, and after the liquor is sufficiently 
evaporated, it is filtered while hot, and set aside to 
crystalize. Sulphate of quinia is in fine, flexible, 
needle-like crystals, perfectly white, inodorous, and 
has a veiy bitter taste. Exposed to the air, it efflores- 
ces slightly ; is fused by a moderate heat, and decom- 
posed by red heat. It is very slightly soluble in cold 
water, more soluble in boiling water, and very soluble 
in alcohol, and in dilute acids. It consists of 1 eq. of 
sulphuric acid, 2 of quinia, and 8 of water, conse- 
quently it is a disulphate. 

With what substances is it incompatible ? 

"With the alkalies, and their carbonates; lime-water, 
tannin, me soluble salts of lead, &c. 

What are the most common adulterations, and how 
may they be detected ? 

Sulphate of lime, starch, sugar and mannite, which 
may be detected by digesting in alcohol, when the 
sulphate of quinia is dissolved and the impurities left. 

What are the advantages of this preparation ? 

While it contains all, or nearly all, of the medicinal 
virtues of cinchona, it possesses the several advantages 
over it, of being less apt to nauseate and oppress the 
stomach ; and when the condition of that organ for- 
bids its use by the mouth, it may be more effectually 
employed endermically, and by the rectum, it being 



TONICS. 53 

more speedily absoibed in the former case, and more 
easily retained in the latter. 

How is it administered, and what is the dose ? 

It is given in solution and pill ; the former, though 
more disagreeable, is yet to be preferred when a 
speedy or energetic impression is desired. Best given, 
dissolved in water, acidulated with aromatic sulphuric 
acid, and the bitter taste left, annihilated by chewing 
a piece of bread or apple. The pill is prepared with 
powdered gum arabic and syrup. Dose, as a tonic, I 
grain, 3 or 4 times a day ; as an antiperiodic, from 10 
to 20 grains or more, may be taken in divided doses, 
duriner the intermission. More effectual when sriven 
in large doses, say from 5 to 10 grains, or more imme- 
diately after the paroxysm has passed off. Three times 
the ordinary dose may be administered, per anum, 
in a few ounces of some bland liquid, or when this 
mode is impracticable, from 5 to 10 grains mixed with 
an equal quantity of some mild powder, as arrow root, 
may be sprinkled on the surface, denuded by a blister. 
12 grains are equivalent to § j. of good bark. 

Impure Sulphate of Quinia. How is this obtain- 
ed, and what is its chemical nature? 

Obtained by evaporating the mother waters, poured 
off from crystals of sulphate of quinia. It is a mix- 
ture of the sulphates of quinia and cinchonia, with a 
peculiar yellowish matter. 

What is its medical character and dose ? 

It produces the same effects on the system as the 
sulphate of quinia, but is much weaker, and requires 
to be given in double the dose. 

Sulphate of Cinchonia. How is this salt obtained, 
and what are its relative virtues, as a medicine? 

It may be obtained from pale bark, in the same 
way that sulphate of quinia is prepared from yellow- 
bark. It possesses the same medical properties as the 
sulphate of quinia, and, it is thought, in nearly or 
quite an equal degree. Dose and modes of adminis 
tration, the same. 



54 TONICS. 

DOGWOOD— CORNUS FLORIDA. 

What is the character of this tree, and the part 
used in medicine ? 

It is a small indigenous tree, very abundant in the 
Middle States, beautifying the forest, in the month of 
April, with its numerous, large, white blossoms. The 
bark, from every part of the tree, is used, but that 
from the root is best. 

What are the physical properties of the bark, as 
met with in the shops, and its relations to water and 
alcohol ? 

It is in pieces of various sizes, more or less rolled, 
sometimes covered with a fawn-colored epidermis. It 
is very bitter, and affords a reddish-gray powder. Its 
odor is feeble, and its taste bitter and astringent. 
Water and alcohol extract its virtues. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

It is tonic, astringent and feebly antiperiodic ; and 
is sometimes given as a substitute for Peruvian bark. 

How is it given, and in what dose ? 

Given in powder, infusion and decoction. Dose of 
the powder, 5 j., repeated, so that an ounce or two 
may be taken during the apyrexia. Dose of the de- 
coction and infusion, prepared in the proportion of 
gj. to Oj. f gij. 

WILLOW.-SALIX. 

What is this officinally ? 

The bark of the Salix alba or white willow, a small 
tree introduced into this country from Europe. 

What are the physical and chemical properties of 
the dried bark ? 

It is in pieces, usually quilled, and covered with a 
grayish epidermis. It has a bitter, astringent taste, 
Water and alcohol extract its virtues, which depend 
chiefly upon a peculiar crystaline principle, called 
salicin. This, when pure, is in white, slender crys- 



TONICS. 55 

tals, very bitter, soluble in water and alcohol, and is 
devoid of alkaline properties. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

Willow bark is tonic and astringent, and has been 
successfully used as an antiperiodic. Salicin resem- 
bles the sulphate of quinia, in medical properties, for 
which it has been extensively substituted in intermit- 
tent fever. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 

Dose of the bark, same as that of cinchona, given 
in powder or decoction. Dose of salicin, as a tonic, 
gr.ij.; as an antiperiodic, 9j. or 9ij. maybe taken 
in divided doses, during the intermission. 

WILD-CHERRY BARK.— PRUNUS VIRGINIANA. 

What is the character of the tree, and the part that 
yields the most active bark ? 

The Prunus Virginiana varies much in size, in 
different places, being very large in Ohio, and of small 
or medium size in the Eastern States. Its trunk is 
covered with a dark colored epidermis, which sepa- 
rates circularly. Its flowers are small and white, and 
its fruit globular, about the size of a pea, and, when 
ripe, of a shining blackish-purple color, much used to 
impart flavor to spiritous liquors. The inner bark, 
from all parts of the tree, is used, but that from the 
root is the strongest. 

What are its physical and chemical properties, as 
kept in the shops ? 

It is in pieces of various sizes, of a bright cinnamon 
color, and yields a fawn-colored powder. Its taste is 
agreeably bitter and aromatic, with the flavor of bitter 
almonds. It imparts its sensible and medical proper- 
ties to water, both cold and hot, forming an infusion 
of the color of Madeira wine. It is injured by boil- 
ing, in consequence of the volatilization of hydrocy- 
anic acid, its active ingredient. This is generated by 
the re-action of water upon amygdalin. one of the 



56 TONICS. 

natural constituents of the bark. It also contains 
tannin and some other principle, probably phloridzin, 
which gives it tonic powers. 

What are its medical properties, and therapeutical 
applications ? 

It is tonic, and also sedative, owing to the hydro- 
cyanic acid. It is much used in cases of debility, 
associated with irritation, as in the hectic fever of 
consumption, and scrofula. It is also occasionally 
used as an antiperiodic, in intermittent fever, and as a 
tonic, in cases of dyspepsia, &c. 

How is it best administered, and what is the dose? 

Cold infusion the best form, made with § ss. to Oj. 
Dose, f | ij., 3 or 4 times a day. Dose of the pow- 
der, 3ss. to 3j. 

CHAMOMILE.— ANTHEMIS. 

What is this officinally ? 

The flowers of the Anthemis nobilis. 

What is the character of this plant, and place of 
growth ? 

It is a small herbaceous plant, the flowers of which 
are single, with a yellow convex disk, and white rays. 
It is a native of Europe, and cultivated in this and 
other countries. 

What are the physical and chemical properties of 
the flowers, as found in our shops, and from whence 
are they imported ? 

They are usually double from cultivation, of a yel- 
lowish-white color, of a fragrant odor, and of an 
aromatic bitter taste. Water and alcohol extract their 
sensible and medical properties, which depend on bit- 
ter extractive and volatile oil. Imported from Germa- 
ny and England. 

What is the difference between the single and 
double flowers ? 

The single ones are rather stronger, as the proper- 
ties of the flowers exist in the greatest degree in the 



TONICS. 57 

disk, which is not fully developed in the double ones. 

What are the medical properties and uses of cham- 
omile ? 

In small doses, it is an aromatic, bitter tonic; in 
large doses, emetic. It is much used in the debility 
of convalescence, and in dyspepsia, depending on a 
want of tone in the digestive organs. Given, some- 
times, as an emetic, but more frequently to assist the 
operation of other emetics. Sometimes applied to the 
abdomen as fomentations, in cases of inflammation of 
the abdominal viscera. 

How is it best administered, and what is the dose ? 

Cold infusion best form, as a tonic; dose, f|ij. 
Hot infusion, as an adjuvant to emetics, may be given 
in large draughts. Dose of the powder, 5 ss. to 5j. 
Decoction and extract, objectionable forms, as the 
volatile oil is partly driven off by the heat employed 
in their preparation. 

THOROUGHWORT.— EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM. 

What is the character of this plant, and the parts 
used in medicine ? 

Thoroughwort or boneset, is an indigenous, herba- 
ceous, perennial plant, from three to five feet high, with 
long narrow leaves, perforated by the stems. The 
flowers are numerous, white, and appear in the middle 
and latter part of the summer. The tops and leaves 
are the parts used. 

What are its sensible properties, and its relations to 
water and alcohol ? 

It has a faint odor, and a strong bitter taste. It 
yields its virtues to water and alcohol, which are 
thought to depend upon bitter extractive. 

"W hat are its medical properties and uses ? 

It is tonic, diaphoretic, and, in large doses, emetic 
and cathartic. Given in cases demanding the use of 
a tonic and diaphoretic. Intermittent, remittent and 



58 TONICS. 

typhoid fevers, rheumatism, catarrh and dyspepsia, are 
some of the diseases in which it is employed. 

How is it administered, and in what dose ? 

As a tonic, best given in powder or cold infusion. 
Dose of the former, 20 to 30 giains; of the latter, 
made with § j. to Oj., f § ij., 3 or 4 times daily. As 
a diaphoretic, warm infusion, given in the same dose, 
every 2 or 3 houis, and the patient remain covered in 
bed. As an emetic and cathartic, a cupful or two. 

VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT.— SERPENTARIA. 

What is the name and character of the plant which 
yields this medicine ? 

It is derived from the Aristolochia Se?yentaria i a 
small herbaceous, perennial plant, growing in the 
woods, throughout the Middle, Southern and West- 
ern States. 

Where is the root collected, and what are its physi- 
cal and chemical properties, as brought into market ? 

Collected in western Pennsylvania and Virginia, in 
Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky, and brought into market 
in bales, mixed with the leaves and stems of the plant, 
and with dirt. The roots are in tufts of long slender 
fibres, attached to a short knotty head, of a yellowish 
color when fresh, becoming brown by age, and afford- 
ing a grayish powder. It has an aromatic, agreeable 
odor, and a warm, very bitter taste. Water and alco- 
hol extract its virtues, which depend on a bitter prin- 
ciple and volatile oil. 

With what is it sometimes adulterated ? 

The Spigelia Marilandica. 

W^hat are its medical properties and uses ? 

It is an excitant tonic, producing also, diaphoresis or 
diuresis, according as it is used. Given in typhoid 
fevers, when tonics are indicated — in low grades of 
exanthematous diseases, to bring out the eruption — in 
intermittent fevers, associated with barks, &c. 

How is it given, and what is the dose 1 



TONICS. 59 

Given in powder, infudon and tincture. Dose of 
the powder, ]0 to 30 grains; of the infusion, made 
with | ss. to Oj., f|j., or f § ij. ; of the tincture, 
f 3 j. to f 5 ij. Seldom given alone; frequently added 
to the infusion of cinchona. 

MYRRH— MYRRHA. 

What is myrrh, and from what derived ? 

It is the concrete juice of the Balsamodendron 
Myrrha, a small tree growing in Arabia Felix. 

What are the varieties of myrrh, and from whence 
are they imported ? 

There are two varieties : India myrrh , and Turkey 
myrrh ; the former imported from the East Indies, 
the latter from the Levant. 

What are the physical and chemical properties of 
myrrh ? 

Turkey myrrh, the purest and best variety, is in 
small irregular tears or masses, of a reddish-yellow 
color, translucent, brittle, and breaking with a shining 
fracture. It has a strong, peculiar odor, and a bitter, 
somewhat acid taste. 

India myrrh is of a darker color, and often mixed 
with impurities. Myrrh consists, chiefly, of gum, resin 
and volatile oil. Water dissolves the gum only; alco- 
hol the resin and volatile oil, its active ingredients, and 
consequently, is the best menstruum. 

What are its medical properties and uses? 

It is a stimulating tonic, with some tendency to the 
lungs. Used in debility, particularly when attended 
with excessive secretions from the mucous membranes, 
as chronic catarrh, humoral asthma, chronic diarrhoea, 
&c. Combined with the chalybeates, as in the form 
of Misturi Ferri Composita y it is much used in chloro- 
sis, hysteria > and in the hectic fevers of phthisis and 
chronic catarrh ; sometimes, combined with aloes, in 
amenorrhcea. Used externally as a stimulant appli- 
cation to spongy gums, aphthous ulcerations of the 
mouth, throat, &c. 



60 TONICS. 

ANGUSTURA BARK.— ANGUSTURA. 

From what tree is this bark derived, and from 
whence imported ? 

It is obtained from the Galipea officinalis, a small 
tree growing in South America. It is brought from 
the West Indies, packed in casks. 

What are its physical and chemical properties ? 

It is in pieces of various sizes, flat or slightly 
curved, with a soft yellowish-gray epidermis, of a yel- 
lowish-brown color, internally, and yields a pale-yellow 
powder. It has a peculiar, rather unpleasant odor, 
and a warm, bitter, somewhat acrid taste. Water and 
alcohol extract its virtues, which depend, chiefly, on a 
peculiar neutral bitter principle, named cusparin, and 
partly on a volatile oil. 

What is the most important adulteration, and how 
may it be detected ? 

The bark of the Strychnos Nux vomica, formerly 
called false Angustura. This may be distinguished 
from the true bark, by its physical, as well as its 
chemical properties. It is thicker and heavier, cover- 
ed with a motley-white epidermis, is without odor, 
and has an intense, very permanent bitter taste. It 
does not become soft, like the true Angustura, when 
steeped in water, and contains a poisonous, alkaline 
principle, called brucia. The best chemical test is 
nitric acid, which, when dropped on the internal sur- 
face, produces, in consequence of the brucia, a blood 
red spot, while it merely deepens the color of the true 
bark. 

CASCARILLA. 

What is cascarilla, and from whence imported ? 

The bark of the Croton Eleutheria, a small tree or 
shrub, growing in the West Indies, especially in the 
Bahama Islands ; from one of which (Eleutheria,) it 
derived its name, and is chiefly imported. 

What are its physical and chemical properties ? 



TONICS. 61 

It occurs in short quills, or flattened pieces, of a 
reddish-brown color, covered with a grayish-white fis- 
sured epidermis. It has a warm, aromatic, bitter taste, 
and a peculiar, agreeable odor, which becomes very 
fragrant when the bark is burnt. Water and alcohol 
extract its virtues, which are dependent on extractive 
and volatile oil. 

What are its medical properties and uses? 

It is an aromatic tonic ; given either alone, or com- 
bined with other more powerful tonics, in atonic dys- 
pepsia — in the advanced stages of dysentery, diar- 
rhoea, <fec. 

How is it administered, and what is the dose ? 

Given in powder and infusion. Dose of the former, 
20 to 30 grains ; of the latter, f § ij. 

3. AROMATICS. 

What are these ? 

Substances which have a fragrant odor, and an 
agreeable, pungent taste. 

To what do they owe their sensible and medical 
properties ? 

To volatile oils. 

How are these obtained, and what are they called 
in the different Pharmacopoeias ? 

Usually procured from the plants or substances con- 
taining them, by distillation with water. The oil and 
water pass over together, and the former collects at the 
bottom or on the surface of the latter, according to 
density. Called, in the U. S. and Lond. Pharmaco- 
poeias, distilled oils, from the mode of obtaining them; 
in the Dub. essential oils, from their possessing, in a 
concentrated stale, the properties of the original 
plants ; and in the E din. volatile oils. 

What are their physical and chemical properties? 

They have a strong, penetrating odor, resembling 
that of the plants from which they are obtained, and 
a hot, pungent taste, which is often agreeable, when 
6 



62 TONICS. 

sufficiently diluted. Most of them are lighter than 
water ; are partially volatilized by ordinary tempera- 
tures, and completely so by heat ; hence, decoctions 
and extracts of aromatics, are improper. Their boil- 
ing point is about 320°F., but most of them rise with 
the vapor of boiling water. They are inflammable ; 
burning in the open air, with a bright flame and much 
smoke. On exposure to the air, they gradually absorb 
oxygen, become thicker, less odorous, and of a deeper 
color, and are ultimately converted into a resinous 
substance. They are very sparingly dissolved by 
water; sufficiently, however, to impart to it their odor 
and taste. Their solubility in water is greatly in- 
creased by trituration with magnesia, as also by the 
intervention of sugar. They are soluble in alcohol 
and ether, and unite with the fixed oils, in every pro- 
portion. Their ultimate constituents are carbon, 
hydrogen and oxygen, but some, as the oils of turpen- 
tine and copaiba, when perfectly pure, consist of car- 
bon and hydrogen, only. 

What are the most common adulterations, and the 
modes of detecting them? 

Adulterations : fixed oils, resinous substances, alco- 
hol, &c. When a fixed oil is present, a greasy stain 
imparted to paper cannot be entirely removed by heat. 
The comparative insolubility of all the fixed oils, ex- 
cept castor oil, in alcohol, and their specific gravities, 
will also afford means of detection ; and when the 
adulterated oil is distilled with water, any fixed oil or 
resinous substance will be left behind. If alcohol be 
present, the oil will become milky when agitated with 
water, and after the separation of the liquid, the water 
will occupy more space, and the oil less, than before. 

What are the medical properties and uses of aro- 
matics ? 

They differ from tonics, in general, in being more 
stimulant, but less permanent in their effects ; closely 
resemble the diffusible stimulants, but more local in 
their action. Given, in the absence of inflammation, 



TONICS. 63 

to excite languid digestion, allay nausea, check vomit- 
ing, relieve spasmodic pains of the stomach and bow- 
els, and to expel flatulence, in which latter case they 
are called carminatives. They are often employed as 
flavoring or corrective adjuncts of other medicines. 

What are the substances belonging to this division ? 

They are ve^ numerous ; the following are some 
of them : 

ORANGE PEEL.— AURANTII CORTEX. 

How many varieties of oranges are there ? 

Two : the sweet orange, and the bitter or Seville 
orange ; the former the fruit of the Citrus Aarantium, 
the latter, of the C. Vulgaris ; two small evergreen 
trees, indigenous in Asia, and cultivated in almost all 
of the warmer regions of the globe. 

What is the only officinal part, in the U. S. P. ? 

The outer rind of the mature fruit. 

What are the sensible properties of orange peel, and 
its relations to water and alcohol ? 

It has a fragrant odor, and a warm, bitter taste, 
which depend upon an essential oil contained in mi- 
nute vesicles. The rind of the Seville orange has a 
stronger odor, and a more bitter taste. Both yield 
their sensible properties to water and alcohol. 

What are its medical properties and uses 1 

It is stomachic, and slightly tonic; the rind of the 
bitter orange possesses these properties in a greater 
degree. Chiefly used in the form of infusion, or 
some of its officinal preparations, as the confection 
or syrup, to communicate a pleasant flavor to other 
medicines. 

CINNAMON.— CINNAMOMUM. 

What is this ? 

The bark of the Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, and 
C. aromaticum, small trees growing in Ceylon, Java, 
Malabar, (fee. 



64 TONICS. 

How is the bark prepared for market, and from 
whence is it imported ? 

It is removed from the three year old branches, by 
making opposite longitudinal incisions, and the epi- 
dermis, and green, pulpy matter are afterwards scraped 
off, and the smaller pieces introduced in the larger 
ones as they dry and contract into the form of quills. 
Chiefly imported from China; some from England, 
and from the East and West Indies. 

What are the commercial varieties? 

Ceylon cinnamon, and China cinnamon ; the lat- 
ter commonly called Cassia. 

What are the physical properties of the two vari- 
eties ? 

Ceylon cinnamon is in long rolls, composed of sev- 
eral quills, the smaller being enclosed within the 
larger; is nearly as thin as paper, has a smooth sur- 
face and a splintery fracture. It is of a brownish - 
yellow color, a pleasant, fragrant odor, and a warm, 
sweetish, slightly astringent taste. 

China cinnamon differs from the above considera- 
bly ; the quills are simple, the bark thicker, rougher, 
denser, and breaks with a shorter fracture. The odor 
is also less fragrant, and the taste more pungent. 

What are its active ingredients ? 

A light and heavy volatile oil, and tannin. 

What are the sensible properties of the oil ? 

It is of a light-yellow color at first, becoming deep- 
er, and ultimately reddish, by age; has the odor of 
the bark, and a hotter, more pungent taste. 

What are the medical properties and use of cin- 
namon ? 

It is an excellent aromatic, with some slight astrin- 
gency. Much used as an adjuvant to other medi- 
cines, and enters into numerous officinal preparations. 

What is the dose ? 

From 10 to 20 grains ; added to infusions of other 
medicines, in the proportion of 5j. or 5 ij., to the 
pint. 



TONICS. 65 

How is cinnamon loater, aqua cinnamomi, pre- 
pared, and what is its chief use? 

Prepared by rubbing oil of cinnamon, first with 
magnesia, and then with distilled water gradually 
added, and filtering through paper. Used as a vehicle 
for other less agreeable medicines. 

What is the dose of the officinal tincture, and com- 
pound tincture of cinnamon ? 

From f 5 j. to f 5 iij. 

CAN ELLA. 

What is this ? 

The bark of the Canella alba, a native of the West 
Indies. 

From what part of the tree is the bark obtained, 
and what are its physical properties ? 

Like cinnamon, it is derived from the branches and 
deprived of its epidermis. Comes in pieces partially 
or completely quilled, from a few inches to a foot or 
more in length, from one to three lines thick, and the 
quills from half an inch to an inch and a half in 
diameter. It is brittle, breaking with a short fracture, 
of a pale orange-yellow color, and affords a yellowish- 
white powder. Its odor is aromatic, and its taste 
warm and very pungent. 

What are its relations to water and alcohol, and its 
active ingredients ? 

Its virtues, which are partially extracted by water, 
and completely by alcohol, depend on volatile oil and 
bitter extractive. 

What are its medical uses? 

Employed as an adjuvant to other more powerful 
tonics, and as a corrigent to purgatives, as in the 
powder of aloes and canella. 

CLOVES.— CARYOPHYLLUS. 

What are these? 
The undeveloped flower-buds of the Eugenia 

6* 



66 TONICS. 

caryophyllata, a small, handsome evergreen tree, a 
native of the Molucca Islands, and cultivated in many 
parts of the East and West Indies. 

What are the physical and chemical properties of 
cloves ? 

They resemble a nail, in shape, are about half an 
inch long, of a deep brown color, a strong aromatic 
odor, and a pungent, somewhat acrid taste. Water 
extracts their odor; alcohol the whols of their sensi- 
ble and active properties, which depend on a vola- 
tile oil. 

Oil of Cloves — Oleum Caryophylli. How is this 
prepared, and what are its physical properties ? 

Prepared by distilling cloves with water, lepeated 
cohobation being required to exhaust them complete- 
ly. It is at first colorless or yellowish, becoming red- 
dish-brown by exposure, has the odor and taste of 
cloves, and is heavier than water. 

What is the character of cloves, as an aromatic ? 

One of the most excitant aromatics. 

How are the}' given, and what is the dose ? 

Given in powder, infusion and oil. Dose of the 
powder, from 5 to 10 grains; of the infusion, made 
with 5 ij. to Oj., f § ij. ; of the oil, 2 to 5 drops. 

NUTMEG .— M YRISTIC A . 

What is nutmeg? 

The kernel of the fruit of the Myristica moschata. 

What is the character of this tree, and its place of 
growth ? 

It is a small tree, from 20 to 30 feet high, resem- 
bling, somewhat, the orange tree. The fruit is oval, 
about the size of a peach, with a smooth covering, 
which at first is pale-green, thick and fleshy, becoming 
)rellow, dry and coriaceous, when ripe, and separating 
from the apex into two valves, disclosing a yellowish 
or reddish reticulated membrane — the mace of com- 
merce — closely investing a thin brown shell, which 



TONICS. 67 

contains the nutmeg. Its places of growth and cul- 
ture are nearly the same as those of cloves. 

How is the mace and nutmeg piepared for market? 

The outside covering is rejected, and the mace then 
carefully separated, flattened and dried in the sun, and 
afterwards sprinkled with salt water, to preserve it. 
The nuts are dried in the sun, or in ovens, and exposed 
to smoke until the kernels rattle in the shells. These 
are then broken open and the kernels removed, steep- 
ed in a mixture of lime and water, to prevent the 
attack of worms, then cleaned and packed in casks 
for exportation. 

What are the physical and chemical properties of 
nutmeg ? 

Its physical properties are well known. It contains 
a volatile and fixed oil, to the former of which it owes 
its virtues. 

How is the volatile oil prepared, and what are its 
physical properties? 

It is obtained by distillation with water; is colorless 
or yellow, lighter than water, with the fragrant odor, 
and warm, aromatic taste of nutmeg. 

How is the fixed oil obtained, and what are its pro- 
perties and uses ? 

This, which is commonly, though improperly, call- 
ed oil of mace, is obtained by bruising the nutmegs in 
a heated mortar, and afterwards compressing them 
between heated plates; the liquid oil which flows out, 
acquires the consistence of a soft solid, on cooling, is 
of a yellowish color, with the slight odor and taste of 
nutmeg. Occasionally used as an external stimu- 
lant ; enters into the rubefacient Emplastrum Picis 
Compositum. 

What are the most interesting ingredients of mace ? 

A volatile and fixed oil, essentially the same as 
those of nutmeg. 

What are the medical properties and uses of nutmeg 
and mace ? 



68 TONICS. 

They possess aromatic and narcotic properties. 
Nutmeg much used for flavoring purposes. 

What is the dose of each ? 

Of the powder, obtained by grating, from 5 to 20 
grains; of the volatile oil, 2 or 3 drops. 

BLACK PEPPER— PIPER. 

What is this ? 

The dried, unripe berries of the Piper nigrum, 
a climbing, woody vine, native of India, and culti- 
vated in the East and West Indies. 

What is white pepper 9 

The ripe berries, deprived of their teguments by 
maceration in water and subsequent friction. 

What are the active principles of pepper ? 

A peculiar crystaline principle, named piperi?i, an 
acrid, soft resin, and a volatile oil. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

It is an aromatic stimulant; extensively used as a 
condiment; as a medicine to excite languid digestion, 
and correct flatulence. Pepper or piperin sometimes 
a useful adjuvant to quinia in intermittents, especially 
where there is much insusceptibility of stomach, as in 
cases of drunkards. 

What is the dose ? 

Of pepper, from 5 to 20 grains ; of piperin, from 2 
to 6 grains. 

CUBEBS.— CUBEBA, 

What are these ? 

The dried berries of the Piper Cuheba, a vine 
growing in the East Indies. 

What are their physical properties ? 

They are about the size of black pepper, brownish 
externally, and have a small portion of the peduncle 
attached ; hence the name Piper caudatum has been 
applied to them. The shell is hard, and contains 



TONICS. 69 

within it a spherical seed, which is blackish external- 
ly, whitish and oily internally, has an aromatic odor, 
and a warm, bitterish and camphorous taste. 

What is their active ingredient? 

A volatile oil, obtainable by distillation. 

AVhat are the physical properties of this oil ? 

It is of a pale greenish-yellow color, with the pecu- 
liar odor and taste of the berries ; lighter than water, 
and about the consistence of almond oil ? 

What are the effects of time and exposure, on 
cubebs ? 

They deteriorate, from the volatilization of their es- 
sential oil, which takes place more rapidly in the state 
of powder; consequently, they should be kept whole 
till wanted for immediate use. 

What are their therapeutical effects and applica- 
tions ? 

Their effects are those of a stimulant and car- 
minative, but they also exercise a specific influence 
over the urinary organs, indicated by their effects in 
arresting urethral discharges, as in the case of gonor- 
rhoea, for which complaint they are chiefly used. 

What is the dose ? 

Of the powder, 5 j. to 3 ij., 3 or 4 times daily ; of 
the volatile oil, 10 to 20 drops. 

PIMENTO— PIMENTA. 

What is this? 

The dried, unripe berries of the Myrtus Pimenta, 
a beautiful tree growing in the West Indies, and par- 
ticularly abundant in Jamaica; whence the name 
Jamaica pepper, by which it is sometimes called. 

What are the physical properties of the berries ? 

They are small, round and umbilicated ; of a brown- 
ish color, and an odor resembling a mixture of cinna- 
mon, cloves and nutmeg; hence the name allspice, 
by which they are commonly called. Their taste is 
aromatic, pungent and slightly astringent. 



70 



TONICS. 



What are their active ingredients ? 

A volatile and fixed oil. 

What is the color, odor and taste of the volatile oil? 

It is of a reddish -brown color, with the odor and 
taste of pimento, though stronger. 

What are its uses ? 

Employed in medicine, as an aromatic adjuvant to 
tonics and purgatives ; more used as a condiment. 

What is the dose ? 

From 10 to 40 grains of the powder, and from 3 to 
6 drops of the oil. 

CARDAMOM.— CARDAMOMUM. 

What is this ? 

The fruit of the Alpinia Cardamomum, a plant 
growing in Malabar. 

What are the physical and chemical properties of 
the fruit? 

It consists of a yellowish-white, coriaceous capsule, 
with numerous reddish- brown seeds. Its odor and 
taste is agreeably aromatic. Its virtues are extracted 
by water, but more readily by alcohol. They depend 
on a volatile oil, which is more abundant in the seeds. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

It is among the most agreeable of the aromatics ; 
much used as an adjuvant or corrective of cordials, 
tonics and purgatives. 

How is it used, and what is the dose ? 

Used chiefly as an ingredient in compound pre- 
parations. The compound tincture is a very agreea- 
ble aromatic. Dose, f 3 j. 

FENNEL SEED.— FCENICULUM. 

From what are these derived, and what are their 
physical properties ? 

Derived from the Anethum Foe?iicidum, a perennial, 
herbaceous plant, indigenous in Europe, and cultiva- 



TONICS. 71 

ted in our gardens. The seeds are small, oval, flat on 
one side, convex on the other ; of a brownish color, a 
fragrant odor, and a warm, sweetish, aromatic taste. 

What are their relations to water and alcohol ? 

Hot water and alcohol extract their virtues, which 
depend on a volatile oil — Oleum Fosniculi. 

How is this obtained, and what are its properties? 

Obtained by distillation with water. It is colorless 
or yellowish, with the odor and taste of the seeds, and 
a sp. gr. of 0.997. It possesses the medical properties 
of the seeds, which are those of a grateful aromatic. 

How is it given, and what is the dose? 

Usually given in infusion, made with 2 or 3 drachms 
to the pint. Dose, from f § ij. to f § iv. Dose of the 
oil, from 5 to 15 drops. 

LAVENDER— LAVANDULA. 

What is this ? 

The flowers of the Lavandula vera, a native of 
Southern Euiope, and cultivated in our gardens. 

What are the sensible properties of the flowers ? 

Their odor is strong and fragrant, their taste warm, 
bitterish and aromatic. 

What is their active ingredient ? 

A volatile oil — Oleum Lavandulae. 

How is this obtained, and what are its chief uses? 

Obtained by distillation with water; chiefly employ • 
ed as a perfume ; sometimes in the formation of the 
spirit of lavender, which is also mostly used as a per- 
fume ; enters into some officinal compounds. 

In what form is lavender chiefly used in medicine ? 

In the form of the officinal Compound Spirit of 
Lavender. 

What are the constituents of this preparation ? 

Spirit of lavender, spirit of rosemary, cinnamon, 
cloves and red saundeis. 

What are the medical uses of this ? 



72 TONICS. 

It is much used to relieve nausea, flatulence and 
faintness, and as an adjuvant to other medicines. 

What is the dose, and the best mode of administer- 
ing it ? 

Dose, f 5 ss. to f 3 j., dropped on sugar. 

ROSEMARY— ROSMARINUS. 

What is this? 

The tops of the Rosmarinus officinalis, an ever- 
green shrub growing in the South of Europe, and 
cultivated in our gardens. 

What is its active ingredient? 

A colorless volatile oil. 

How, and for what, is rosemary chiefly employed ? 

Used in the forms of the officinal spirit and volatile 
oil, to impart flavor and warmth to lotions and lini- 
ments. 

PEPPERMINT.— MENTHA PIPERITA. 

What is the officinal part ? 

The whole herb. 

"What is the character of the plant, and the place of 
growth ? 

It is a perennial, herbaceous plant, about two feet 
high, with small purple flowers, appearing in August. 
It is a native of Europe, and cultivated and natural- 
ized in this country. 

What are its sensible properties and relations to 
water and alcohol. 

It has a grateful odor, and a warm, pungent, bitter- 
ish taste, leaving a sense of coolness in the mouth, 
during inspiration. Its virtues, depending upon a vol- 
atile oil, are extracted by water, but more readily by 
alcohol. 

Oil of peppermint — Oleum Mentha, Piperita?. 
How is this obtained, and what are its physical pro- 
perties ? 



TONICS. 73 

Obtained by the usual process of distillation. It 
is lighter than water, and of a greenish-yellow color, 
with the odor and taste of the plant. 

What are the medical properties and uses of pep- 
permint ? 

It is a very grateful, aromatic stimulant; much 
used in nausea, flatulence, spasmodic pains in the 
stomach and bowels, and to cover the taste and correct 
the nauseating and griping tendencies of other medi- 
cines. The fresh herb bruised and applied over the 
epigastrium often useful in allaying sick stomach, es- 
pecially in the cholera of children. 

How is it given, and what is the dose ? 

It may be given in infusion ; but the oil, or essence 
of peppermint, prepared by dissolving f § ij. of the oil 
in Oj. of alcohol, is usually preferred. Dose of the 
oil, i to 3 drops, on sugar; of the essence, 10 to 20 
drops. 

How is peppermint water, Aqua Mentha, Piperita* 
prepared, and what are its uses? 

Prepared like cinnamon water, carbonate of mag- 
nesia being substituted for the magnesia. Chiefly 
used as a vehicle for other medicines. 

SPEARMINT.— MENTHA VIRIDIS. 

What are the medical properties and uses of this ? 

Common mint possesses the same virtues as the 
above, and may be used for the same purposes, and 
in similar ways and doses. 

GINGER.— ZINGIBER. 

What is this ? 

The root of the Zingiber officinale, a perennial 
herb, indigenous in the East Indies, and cultivated in 
the West Indies. 

How is it prepared for market, and what are the 
commercial varieties ? 
7 



74 TONICS. 

The root is dug up in January and February, after 
the stem has withered, cleaned, scalded to prevent 
germination, and then dried. As thus prepared it con- 
stitutes ordinary ginger, called in commerce, black 
ginger, from the daikish color of its surface ; some- 
times also, East India ginger, from its origin. In 
Jamaica, the best roots are sometimes deprived of their 
epidermis and carefully dried in the sun, without be- 
ing scalded. This is called white ginger, or more 
frequently Jamaica ginger, and is more highly prized. 

What are its sensible properties, and the effects of 
time and exposure on these ? 

Ginger has a peculiar aromatic odor, and a hot, pun- 
gent, biting taste, which are gradually diminished, and 
ultimately destroyed by exposure. 

What are its constituents, and its relations to water 
and alcohol? 

It contains a volatile oil, an acrid soft resin, extract- 
ive, starch, &c. Its virtues depend upon the two first, 
and are extracted by water and alcohol. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

It is an aromatic stimulant, much used to impart 
warmth and flavor to other medicines. As a local 
stimulant, it is chewed in paralysis of the tongue, re- 
laxation of the uvula, &c. The powder, made into a 
paste with boiling water, and spread on linen, some- 
times applied externally, as a rubefacient. 

How is it used, and what is the dose? 

Used in powder, infusion and syrup. Dose of the 
powder, from 10 to 30 grains ; of the infusion, made 
with | j. to Oj., f S ij. ; of the tincture, f 3 j. or f 3 ij. 
The syrup used chiefly for flavoring. 

SWEET FLAG— CALAMUS. 

What is this ofncinally ? 

The root of the Acorus Calamus, an indigenous 
plant. 



TONICS. 75 

What are the sensible properties of the root, and its 
relations to water and alcohol ? 

It has a strong, fragrant odor, and an aromatic, bit- 
ter taste. Boiling water and alcohol extract its virtues. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

It is an aromatic stimulant; given as a stomachic 
and carminative in atonic conditions of the digestive 
organs, and as an adjuvant to tonics and purgatives. 

What is the dose? 

Of the powder, from 9j. to 5j.; of an infusion, 
made with an ounce of the root to a pint of boiling 
water, f § ij. or more. 

2. Mineral Tonics. 

IRON.— FERRUM. 

What are the therapeutical effects and applications 
of iron. 

In the form of its various preparations, it is tonic 
and astringent in its general effects; but when given 
in too large doses, or for too long a period, the pre- 
parations of iron produce a state of over excitement, 
characterized by a feeling of determination of blood 
to the head, of general fulness, and by other unpleas- 
ant sensations. They are chiefly used for their tonic 
properties, and are applicable in cases of debility, es- 
pecially when accompanied with, or dependent on, 
anaemia, in which the blood is deficient both in quan- 
tity and in the relative proportion of its red particles. 
Chlorosis, hysteria, amenorrhoea, flu or albus, gleet, 
scrofula, rickets, chorea, neuralgia, passive hemorrha- 
ges, and dyspepsia, when dependent on deficient ener- 
gy of the digestive functions, are some of the diseases 
in which they are used. 

What circumstances contra-indicate their use? 

They are improper where there is any tendency to 
inflammation or active hemorrhage in the system ; in 
irritability of the digestive organs ; in persons of full 



76 TONICS. 

habit, and in those prone to determination of blood to 
the head. 

How do they affect the stools ? 

They render them darker, less frequent, and more 
solid. 

What are the officinal preparations of iron ? 

They are numerous; the following are some of 
them : 

Iron Filings. — Ferri Ramenta. Whence are these 
obtained, and how purified ? 

Generally obtained from the shops of the black- 
smith, in an impure state, and purified, according" to 
the Edinburgh College, by placing a seive over them 
and applying a magnet so that the filings may be at- 
tracted upward through it. 

What are their effects on the system ? 

In their metallic state they are nearly inert, but ac- 
quire tonic virtues by oxidation in the stomach. But 
little used. 

What is the dose ? 

From 5 to 20 grains, in molasses or honey. 

Scales of Iron. — Ferri Squamce. How are these 
prepared and purified ? 

They are found collected around the anvil of the 
blacksmith, produced by heating and hammering iron. 
These are washed with water, dried and separated 
from impurities by a magnet. They are then pulveri- 
zed, and a fine powder obtained by elutriation. 

What is the color of the powder, and its chemical 
nature ? 

It is of a dull grayish color, and is supposed to con- 
sist of protoxide, sesquioxide, and metallic iron, in 
varying proportions. 

What is the dose ? 

From 5 to 20 grains. 

Subcarbonate of Iron. — Ferri Subcarbonas. How 
is this prepared, and what is its chemical nature ? 

This preparation, which is also called Carbonate of 
Iron, Sesquioxide of Iron, and Bed Oxide of Iron, is 



TONICS. 77 

prepared as follows : Solutions of sulphate of iron and 
carbonate of soda are separately formed with boiling 
water, then mixed and the mixture set by, that the 
precipitate may subside. This is washed with hot 
water and dried. When the above solutions are 
mixed, a double decomposition ensues : sulphate of 
soda and protocarbonate of iron are formed, the former 
remaining in solution, and the latter precipitating. 
This, however, absorbs oxygen with the disengage- 
ment of carbonic acid, during the process of drying, 
and becomes converted almost entirely into sesqui- 
oxide of iron. 

"What are its physical properties and chemical rela- 
tions ? 

It is a reddish-brown powder, with a styptic taste ; 
insoluble in water, but soluble in water with carbonic 
acid, and readily so in muriatic acid, with slight effer- 
vescence of carbonic acid. 

What are its therapeutical uses ? 

It is considered one of the best chalybeates, and is 
used for most purposes to which they are generally 
applied. Mr. Carmichael found it a useful palliative 
in cancer, and Mr. Hutchinson, an efficient remedy for 
neuralgia. 

What is the dose and mode of administration? 

Ordinary dose, from 5 to 20 grains; in neuralgic 
cases, 3 ss. to 3j., 3 times daily, and gradually in- 
creased. Given in pill or powder, and should it disa- 
gree with the stomach, an aromatic may be added. 

What is the composition and character of Vallefs 
Ferruginous Pills 9 

They consist of protocarbonate of won, incorporated 
with honey, by which the absoption of oxygen is pre- 
vented, and the protocarbonate rendered permanent. 
Where the alterative effects of iron are desired, they 
are considered equal, if not superior, to any other pre- 
paration of that metal. 

What is the dose of the pills ? 

Each pill weighs 3 grains, and contains somewhat 

7 # 



78 TONICS. 

less than gr. 1^ of the protocarbonate ; therefore, 8 or 
10 pills may be given daily. 

Sulphate of Iron. — Ferri Sulphas. What is this 
commonly called ? 

Green vitriol, in commerce, copperas. 

How is it prepared, and what are its physical and 
chemical properties? 

It is obtained, in an impure state, for the purposes 
of the arts, by exposing the native protosulphuret, or 
iron pyrites, to the combined agency of air and mois- 
ture, for sometime, and lixivating. For medical pur- 
poses, it is formed by the action of dilute sulphuric 
acid on iron wire or iron filings. Obtained in the 
latter way, it is in large, transparent, bluish-green crys- 
tals, which effloresce on exposure to the air, absorb 
oxygen, and become covered with a brownish-yellow 
crust of the sulphate or subsulphate of the sesquioxide. 
It has an acid, disagreeable, styptic taste ; is insoluble 
in alcohol, soluble in cold, and more so in boiling 
w T ater; and the solution, on standing for sometime, 
exposed to the air, lets fall a precipitate of the disul- 
phate of the sesquioxide. Exposed to a moderate 
heat, the crystalized sulphate undergoes the aqueous 
fusion, becomes dry and white, and at a red heat, it is 
decomposed ; sulphuric acid is driven off, and the red 
sesquioxide is formed and remains. When pure, it 
consists of 1 eq. of the acid, 1 of the protoxide, and 7 
of water. 

What are the incompatibles ? 

The alkalies and their carbonates ; soaps, lime- 
water, nitrate of silver, the acetates of lead, astringent 
vegetable infusions, &c. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

It is tonic and astringent. In very large doses it 
acts as an irritant, occasioning nausea and vomiting, 
and griping in the bowels. Given in passive hemorrha- 
ges, colliquative sweats, atonic mucous discharges, &c. 

What is the dose ? 

From I to 5 grains of the crystalized; of the dried, 



TONICS. 79 

(Ferri Sulphas exsiccatus, E.) which is more conve- 
nient for internal use, from gr. ss. to gr. iij. Given 
in pill. 

What are the constituents of the officinal compound 
mixture of iron 9 

Its most important ingredient, when recently and 
properly prepared, is protocarbonate of iron, which 
results from the re-action of sulphate of iron on car- 
bonate of potassa, salts used in its preparation. It 
contains, also, myrrh, spirit of lavender, rose water, 
and sugar. 

What are its medical uses? 

This preparation an imitation of Griffith's Mixture, 
is considerably used as a tonic, in cases of debility, 
associated with derangement of the menstrual func- 
tion. 

Tincture of Chloride of Iron. — Tinctura Ferri 
Chloridi. What is the mode of preparation ? 

This, which was formerly officinal, under the title 
of Tinctura Ferri Muriatis — Tincture of Muriate 
of Iron, is prepared by pouring muriatic acid (Oj,) on 
subcarbonate of iron, (ft>ss,) and allowing the mix- 
ture to stand for 3 days, then pouring off the liquor 
from the dregs, if there be any, and adding alcohol, 
(Oiij.) 

W hat are its physical and chemical properties ? 

It is of a reddish-brown color; has an acid, very 
styptic taste, and the odor of muriatic ether. It con- 
tains sesquichloride of iron, 'held in solution by the 
alcohol, and also, free muriatic acid, and a trace of 
muriatic ether. 

What are its remedial uses ? 

Being a very efficient chalybeate, and usually 
acceptable to the stomach, it is much used in all cases 
in which they are indicated : sometimes employed 
externally to destroy venerial warts, and as a styptic 
to cancerous and fungus ulcers. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 



80 TONICS. 

Dose, from 10 to 30 minims, which may be gradu- 
ally increased to f 5 j. or f 3 ij. Given in water or in 
white wine, nothing forbidding the use of the latter. 

Hydrated Oxide of Iron. — Ferri Oxidum Hy- 
dration. How is this prepared, and what is its chief 
use? 

Prepared by adding nitric acid to a boiling solution 
of crystalizcd sulphate of iron, acidulated with sul- 
phuric acid, so long as orange fumes (nitrous acid 
vapors,) are disengaged ; then filtering the liquor and 
precipitating by an excess of ammonia. The hydra- 
ted sesquioxide, which is thrown down as a yellowish- 
brown precipitate, is carefully washed by decantation 
to free it from sulphuric acid; and as it is chiefly used 
as an antidote to arsenic, and is most efficacious as 
such, in the moist state, it should be kept in well 
stopped bottles, covered with water. A hydrated 
sesquioxide of iron may be also readily prepared by 
precipitating the tincture of chloride of iron with am- 
monia. 

What is the dose, and mode of administering it as an 
antidote ? 

To convert arsenic into the insoluble and inert 
arsenite of iron, it requires at least 12 parts of the 
oxide to 1 of the poison ; but as the antidote is per- 
fectly innocent, it should be given in as large doses 
as the stomach will bear; say a table-spoonful mixed 
with water, every 5 or 10 minutes. 

Tartrate of Iron and Potassa. — Ferri et Potassm 
Tartras. How is this prepared ? 

By digesting hydrated sesquioxide of iron in a 
moist state, in a solution of bitartrate of potassa. 
The sesquioxide neutralizes the excess of acid in the 
bitartrate, so that a double salt of tartrate of sesqui- 
oxide of iron and potassa results. The liquid con- 
taining it is filtered, and evaporated to dryness. 

What are its properties ? 



TONICS. 81 

It is in the form of a greenish-brown powder, 
devoid of smell, but of a styptic, sweetish taste. It 
deliquesces slightly in the air, and is entirely soluble 
in water, forming a solution of considerable perma- 
nence. It is a chalybeate tonic, well adapted for 
children, on account of its not unpleasant taste. 

What is the dose and mode of administration? 

Dose, from 10 to 30 grains, made into a bolus, with 
honey or treacle, or dissolved in some aromatic water. 

Phosphate of Iron. — Ferri Phosphas. What is 
the mode of preparing this? 

A solution of sulphate of iron and of phosphate of 
soda, is made and mixed; when, by an interchange of 
their proximate constituents, sulphate of soda and 
phosphate of iron are formed ; the former remains in 
solution, while the latter subsides. This is washed 
with hot water, and dried with a moderate heat. 

What are its physical and chemical properties ? 

It is in the form of a light, slate colored, insoluble 
powder, consisting, it is said, of a mixture of the 
phosphates of the two oxides of iron. 

What are its medical properties and uses? 

It possesses the general properties of the chalybeates, 
but is not much used. 

What is the dose ? 

From 5 to 10 grains. 

The Ferrocyanuret of iron, Acetate of iron, Am- 
moniated iron, Lactate of iron, Tartrate of iron, 
and Iodide of iron, are also occasionally employed in 
medicine. 

SULPHATE OF COPPER.— CUPRI SULPHAS. 

How is this prepared ? 

Sulphate of Copper, sometimes called Blue Vitriol 
and Bluestone, is generally prepared, in this country, 
on the large scale, by the action of sulphuric acid on 
old scrap copper. 

What are its physical and chemical properties? 



82 



TONICS. 



It occurs in large rhomboidal prismatic crystals of 
a rich blue color, and a strong styptic, metallic taste. 
It is insoluble in alcohol, but soluble in cold and 
more so in boiling water. The crystals consists of 
1 eq. of sulphuric acid, 1 of protoxide of copper, and 
5 of water. Exposed to the air, they effloresce slightly; 
to heat, they first melt in their water of crystalization, 
and then become dry and white. Decomposed by a 
red heat, with the escape of the acid. 

What are the incompatibles? 

The alkalies and their carbonates; acetate of lead ; 
nitrate of silver ; nearly all the salts of iron ; astringent 
vegetable infusions, &c. The precipitate thrown 
down by ammonia, from an aqueous solution of this 
salt, is immediately re-dissolved when that alkali is 
added in excess. 

AVhat are its effects on the system ? 

In small closes, it is tonic and astringent ; in large 
doses, a prompt emetic, and in excessive ones, an irri- 
tant and corrosive poison. 

How are its poisonous effects best counteracted ? 

Albumen, as the whites of eggs diffused in water, 
should be freely given to neutralize the poison, or if 
this cannot be had, copious draughts of some bland 
liquid should be taken, and vomiting excited by tick- 
ling the throat with a feather : if this should fail to 
produce emesis, the stomach-pump maybe resorted to. 

What are its therapeutical applications? 

As a tonic, it has been given in intermittent fever, 
and in some affections of the nervous system, as epi- 
lepsy and chorea; as an astringent, in chronic diar- 
rhoea and dysentery. Externally, a solution of sul- 
phate of copper is used as a stimulant to indolent and 
ill-conditioned ulcers; as a collyrium, in chronic 
ophthalmia, and as an injection, in chronic mucous 
discharges from the urethra or vagina. It is also used 
as an escharotic for destroying warts, fungus, and the 
callous edges of ulcers. 

AVhat is the dose and mode of administration? 



TONICS. S3 

Dose as a tonic, gr. \ or gr. l, in the form of pili ; 
for a lotion, from 2 to 10 grains, to f § j. of water; for 
an injection, from 1 to 4 grains, to f § j. of water. 

AMMONIATED COPPER.— CUPRUM AMMONIATUM. 

What are the directions for preparing and preserving 
ammoniated copper? 

Sulphate of Copper and Carbonate of Ammonia, 
are directed to be rubbed together in a glass mortar till 
the effervescence ceases, and the ammoniated copper 
which results to be wrapped in bibulous paper, dried 
with a gentle heat, and kept in a well stopped glass 
bottle. 

What are its physical and chemical properties? 

It is of a fine azure-blue color, with an ammoniacal 
odor, and a styptic, metallic taste. The changes 
which take place in its formation, and its precise com- 
position are not certainly known. It is soluble in 
water ; exposed to the air, ammonia escapes and the 
powder changes to green. 

What substances are incompatible with it? 

Acids, potassa, soda and lime-water. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

In small doses, it is tonic ; in over doses, an irritant 
poison. It has been used principally in spasmodic 
affections, as epilepsy, chorea, &c. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 

Dose, gr. ss., twice a day, and gradually increased 
to 4 or 5 grains. Best given in the form of pill. 

SULPHATE OF ZINC— ZINCI SULPHAS. 

How is this formed ? 

By the action of sulphuric acid, diluted with water, 
on metallic zinc. The water is decomposed, the oxygen 
combining with the zinc to form the basis of the salt, 
and its hydrogen escaping with effervescence. 

What are its physical and chemical properties ? 

Sulphate of zinc, called in commerce white vitriol, 



84 TONICS. 

is a white, transparent, crystalized salt, bearing con- 
siderable resemblance to sulphate of magnesia. It is 
inodorous, but has a disagreeable, metallic, styptic taste. 
Pure crystalized sulphate of zinc, consists of 1 eq. of 
sulphuric acid, 1 of oxide of zinc, and 7 of water 

It effloresces in dry air ; heated, it first melts in its 
water of crystalization, then parts with it, and at an 
intense heat is decomposed. It is soluble in 2\ parts 
of cold water, and in less than its weight of boiling 
water : insoluble in alcohol. 

What are the incompatibles ? 

The alkalies and their carbonates; lime-water; 
acetate of lead, and nitrate of silver. 

What are its medical properties and uses? 

It is tonic, astringent, and in large doses, a prompt 
emetic. As a tonic, it has been used in dyspepsia, 
and occasionally in obstinate intermittents, generally 
associated with cinchona or sulphate of quinia ; but 
it is in spasmodic diseases, such as epilepsy, chorea, 
pertussis, &c, that it is mostly employed internally. 
It is frequently used externally for its astringency, as a 
styptic to bleeding surfaces, a collyrium, in chronic 
ophthalmia, and as an injection, in fluor albus, gleet 
and gonorrhoea. A strong solution, ( 9 ij., to f § vij. 
of water,) has been used with success in nasal polypi, 
applied by means of lint and by injection. 

What is the dose ? 

As a tonic, 1 or 2 grains, in pill ; as a topical appli- 
cation to mucous surfaces, solution made in the pro- 
portion of 1 to 3 grains or more, to the fluidounce of 
water; as a wash to ulcers and external inflammations, 
from 10 to 20 grains to the fluidounce. 

ACETATE OF ZINC.— ZINCI ACETAS. 

How is this prepared ? 

Prepared, according to the U. S. Phar., by placing 
metallic zinc in a solution of acetate of lead, and al- 
lowing it to remain till the zinc takes the place of the 



TONICS. 85 

lead. But it is usually formed by the changes which 
take place when solutions of sulphate of zinc and ace- 
tate of lead are mixed. The acetate of zinc remains 
in solution, and is obtained in the form of white, silky 
crystals, by evaporation. 

What are its sensible and chemical properties ? 

It is inodorous, but has a bitter, styptic taste; is very 
soluble in water, slightly efflorescent in dry air, and 
consists of 1 eq. of acetic acid, 1 of oxide of zinc, 
and 7 of water. 

What are its medical uses? 

It is used only externally, as a topical astringent, in 
ophthalmia and in chronic mucous discharges, as in 
gonorrhoea, &c. 

What is the proper strength of a solution for such 
purposes ? 

It may be made in the proportion of from 1 to 4 
grains or more, to the fluidounce of distilled water. 

OXIDE OF ZINC— ZINCI OXIDUM. 

How is this prepared, and what are its properties? 

It is precipitated from a solution of sulphate of zinc, 
by aqua ammonise. It is in the form of a white, in- 
soluble powder, without odor or taste. It possesses 
tonic, astringent and antispasmodic properties. 

What are its therapeutical applications ? 

It is given in epilepsy, chorea, hooping-cough, gas- 
trodynia, &c. Externally, it is used in the form of 
powdei, or more frequently in that of ointment, (un- 
guentum zinci oxidi,) as an exsiccant and mild astrin- 
gent application to slight excoriations, superficial ul- 
cerations, ophthalmia, tarsi, &c. 

What is the dose and mode of administration? 

Dose, from 2 to 8 grains, several times a day, in the 
form of a pill. 

CARBONATE OF ZINC— ZINCI CARBONAS. 

What is the source of this, and mode of preparing 
it for medical uses ? 

8 



86 TONICS. 

Carbonate of Zinc, or Calamine, occurs native in 
compact, or earthy masses, and is directed to be cal- 
cined with a red heat, and reduced to a fine powder in 
the same manner as prepared chalk. It then consti- 
tutes prepared carbonate of zinc, Zinci Carbonas 
Pr&paratus, of the U. S. Phar. 

What are the physical and chemical properties of 
this? 

It is usually in the form of a heavy, insoluble, rlesh- 
colored powder, without odor or taste. It is an impure 
oxide of zinc, nearly all of the carbonic acid having 
been driven off by the roasting. 

What are its medical uses? 

It is used only externally, as a mild astringent and 
desiccant to excoriated and ulcerated surfaces. The 
powder is dusted on the part, or more frequently ap- 
plied in the form of cerate. Ceratum Zinci Carbo- 
natis, commonly called Turners Cerate. 

SUBNITRATE OF BISMUTH.— BISMUTHI SUBNITRAS. 

What are the synonymes ? 

Trisnitrate of Bismuth, White Bismuth and Ma~ 
gistery of Bismuth. 

How is it prepared, and what is its chemical nature? 

Prepared by dissolving bismuth in dilute nitric acid, 
and pouring the solution into distilled water. The 
metal is oxidized in the first part of the process, at the 
expense of part of the nitric acid, while the remaining 
acid forms with it, a nitrate of bismuth, which, on the 
addition of the water, is converted into a supernitrate 
and subnitrate, the former remaining in solution, and 
the latter precipitating. It consists of 1 eq. of nitric 
acid, and 3 of protoxide of bismuth. 

What are its sensible properties ? 

It is an insipid, inodorous, white powder, with a 
pearly lustre ; sold by the perfumers, as a cosmetic, 
under the name of pearl white. 

What are its therapeutical effects and uses ? 



TONICS. 87 

In medicinal doses, its effects are those of a tonic 
and antispasmodic, for which it has been used in va- 
rious nervous and spasmodic affections, and in painful 
derangements of the stomach, as in cardialgia, pyrosis 
and gastrodynia. Its use blackens the stools. In over 
doses, it acts as an irritant poison, causing inflamma- 
tion of the stomach and bowels. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 

Dose, from 5 to 20 grains ; given in pill, or electuary. 

NITRATE OF SILVER.— ARGENTI NITRAS. 

How is this prepared ? 

By dissolving thin plates of silver in dilute nitric 
acid. Part of the acid is decomposed into nitric oxide 
and oxygen, the foimer escaping and becoming nitrous 
acid vapor, with the oxygen of the air, while the latter 
oxidizes the silver. The oxide combines with the re- 
mainder of the acid to form the nitrate in solution, 
which is deposited in transparent, tabular crystals, on 
evaporation and cooling. The salt obtained by evapo- 
rating the solution to dryness, melted and cast into 
cylindrical sticks or rods, constitutes Lunar Caustic, 
which is directed to be wrapped in white paper, and 
kept in well stopped bottles. 

What are the physical and chemical properties of 
nitrate of silver ? 

It is kept in the shops in the form of sticks or pen- 
cils, and in the state of crystals. The sticks are about 
the thickness of a quill, brittle, breaking with a crys- 
taline fracture, of a grayish color, inodorous, and of 
an austere, metallic taste. They are often impure, 
containing nitrate of copper, which causes them to de- 
liquesce, and frequently traces of gold. The crystals 
are generally purer, and consequently, better suited for 
internal use. They are officinal only in the Dub. 
Pharm. Nitrate of silver is an anhydrous salt, consist- 
ing of 1 eq. of nitric acid, and 1 of oxide of silver. It 
is not deliquescent when pure, is soluble in its weight 



88 TONICS. 

of cold water, and in four times its weight of boiling 
alcohol. Exposed to the light, it becomes blackish; to 
heat, it fuses, and at a red heat, is decomposed, the 
acid being expelled, and the oxide reduced. 

What are the incompatvibles ? 

Spring and river water; soaps, the fixed alkalies and 
their carbonates; lime-water; muriatic, sulphuric and 
tartaric acids, and their soluble salts; the soluble chlo- 
rides; hydrosulphuric acid gas; solution of arsenite of 
potassa; astringent vegetable infusions, &c. 

What are its effects on the system? 

In small doses, frequently repeated, it acts as a tonic 
and antispasmodic, but if too long continued, it is apt 
to weaken the stomach, and impart a leaden hue to 
the skin, which is very difficult to be removed, but is 
said to yield to a steady course of cream of tartar. In 
large doses, it acts as a corrosive poison. Applied ex- 
ternally, moistened or dissolved in distilled water, it 
stains the skin black, and may be made to act as a 
stimulant, vesicant, or escharotic. 

What are its therapeutical applications as a tonic ? 

Given in some forms of dyspepsia ; in angina pecto- 
ris, epilepsy, chorea, &c. 

What is the proper treatment for the poisonous ef- 
fects of this salt? 

The best antidote is a solution of common salt, 
which converts the nitrate into the insoluble, and 
therefore inert chloride of silver. Consecutive in- 
flammation combated upon general principles. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 

Dose, gr. J, gradually increased to 2 or 3 grains, 
three times daily. It is best given in pill, made with 
some vegetable extract, as that of gentian or chamo- 
mile, and not with crumb of bread, when this contains 
common salt. Its use should not be continued longer 
than two or three months at a time, for reasons before 
stated. 



TONICS. 89 

SULPHURIC ACID— ACIDUM SULPHURICUM. 

How is this prepared ? 

It is prepared, on the large scale, by burning sul- 
phur with nitre in a leaden chamber, fitted for the 
purpose. 

What are its physical properties? 

Sulphuric acid, or oil of vitriol^ as it is frequently 
called, is a dense, colorless, oily-looking liquid, inodor- 
ous, with an intensely acid, burning taste. Its sp. gr., 
when pure, is about 1.845. 

With what substances is it incompatible ? 

With most metals and their oxides ; earths, alkalies 
and their carbonates ; with most salts, supplanting their 
acids; with alcohol, converting it into ether; and with 
all organic substances, charring and destroying them. 

What are its effects on the system? 

It is a powerful corrosive poison, destroying the ani- 
mal tissues wherever it comes in contact with them. 
Properly diluted, it is tonic, refrigerant and astrin- 
gent. 

What is the proper treatment in poisoning with it ? 

Magnesia or its carbonate should be immediately 
given to neutralize the acid, or if these are not at 
hand, a solution of soap may be substituted and fol- 
lowed by the free use of bland and mucilaginous 
drinks. 

What are its therapeutical applications, both internal 
and external? 

It is applicable in low typhoid fevers ; in cases of 
debility, especially when attended with excessive dis- 
charges, as in passive hemorrhages, colliquative sweats 
and diarrhoeas, and in cases of phosphatic depositions 
from the urine. Externally, it is used largely diluted, as a 
wash to foul and indolent ulcers and some cutaneous 
eruptions. It is also used as an ingredient in gargles 
for ulcerated sore throat, and for checking excessive 
ptyalism, but is apt to injure the teeth. 

How is it used ? 
8* 



90 TONICS. 

Never used, in its concentrated state, except as a 
caustic. 

The following forms are officinal : 

Diluted Sulphuric Acid. — Acidum Sulphuricum 
Dilutum. What is the strength of this preparation, 
and the dose and mode of administering it? 

Diluted in the proportion of f § j. of the strong acid, 
to f | xiij. of distilled water. Dose, from 10 to 30 
drops, three times a day, in a wine-glassful of sweet- 
ened water, sucked through a quill, to avoid injuring 
the teeth. 

Aromatic Sulphuric Acid. — Acidum Sulphuricum 
Aromaticum. — Elixir of vitriol. What are the con- 
stituents and sensible properties of this preparation? 

It consists of sulphuric acid, alcohol, and the essen- 
tial oils of cinnamon and ginger. It is of a reddish- 
brown color, a peculiar, aromatic odor, and of an 
agreeable acid taste, when sufficiently diluted. The 
form most usually prescribed, as a tonic. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 

Same as the preceding. 

Ointment of Sulphuric Acid. How is this prepar- 
ed, and what are its uses ? 

Made in the proportion of f 5 j. of acid, to §j. of 
lard. Applied in scabies^ ringworm, &c. 

NITRIC ACID.— ACIDUM NITRICUM. 

How is this acid prepared, and what are its physical 
properties ? 

Prepared by the action of sulphuric acid on nitrate 
of potassa. It is a dense, colorless liquid, when pure, 
of a strong disagreeable odor, an intensely acid, caustic 
taste, and of thesp. gr. 1.5 ; but it is never as strong as 
this in the shops, and is often of an orange hue, 
owing to the presence of nitrous acid. 

What are the incompatibles ? 

The alkalies; earths, some metals, and many oxides ; 



TONICS. 91 

sulphate of iron ; acetates of lead and potassa; alcohol, 
and all the carbonates and sulphurets. 

What are its effects on the system ? 

Sufficiently diluted, it acts as a tonic refrigerant and 
antiseptic; concentrated, as a corrosive poison. 

What is the treatment for its poisonous action ? 

Antidote, magnesia or its carbonate, conjoined with 
demulcent and emollient drinks. 

What are its remedial applications, both internal 
and external? 

Used as a tonic, principally in the treatment of 
chronic hepatitis, and sometimes of secondary syphilis, 
either as an adjuvant to mercury or to remove the ill- 
effects of that metal on the system. Largely diluted 
with water, sometimes useful as a drink in febrile dis- 
eases, especially in typhus. Externally, the concen- 
trated acid sometimes employed as a caustic in the 
destruction of warts and corns, and the surfaces of 
poisoned wounds and phagedenic ulcers. A lotion, 
made in the propoition of xij. minim to Oj. of water, 
applied as a stimulant and alterative to indolent ulcers, 
and in the form of an ointment to some eruptive dis- 
eases. In the state of vapor, it was considerably 
employed as a disinfecting agent before the introduc- 
tion of chlorine and its chlorides of lime and soda for 
that purpose. 

What is the dose and mode of administration? 

Dose of the strong acid, from 5 to 10 minims; of 
the diluted, from f5ss. to f 3 j. Each given in a 
wine-glassful or more of water, and repeated 3 or 4 
times a day. 

MURIATIC ACID.— ACIDUM MURIATICUM. 

By what other names is this called ? 

Sometimes called liquid muriatic acid, chlorohy- 
dric acid, and hydrochloric acid. 

How is it prepared, and what are its physical pro- 
perties ? 



92 TONICS. 

It is prepared by the manufacturing chemist, on a 
large scale, by subjecting a mixture of sulphuric acid 
and chloride of sodium to distillation, and condensing 
the chlorohydric acid gas in water, contained in a sui- 
table receiver. It is a limpid, colorless liquid, when 
pure, usually of a yellowish tinge, due to the presence 
of iron or organic matter, with a suffocating ordor, and 
an intensely acid, corrosive taste. The sp. gr. of the 
officinal acid is 1.16. 

What are the incompatibles? 

The alkalies; tartar emetic ; acetate of lead ; nitrate 
of silver ; all the carbonates, &c. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

It is tonic, refrigerant and antiseptic. Employed in 
diseases with septic tendencies, as in typhoid and pete- 
chial fevers, malignant scarlatina, phagedenic ulcera- 
tion of the throat, scurvy, &c. Also used in debility 
of the digestive organs, attended with phosphatic de- 
posits from the urine, and to prevent the generation 
of worms in the bowels. 

What is its poisonous action, and how best coun- 
teracted ? 

A corrosive poison ; best antidotes, magnesia, chalk, or 
a solution of soap may be substituted, and demulcent 
drinks laigely given. 

What is the dose and mode of administration? 

Dose, from 5 to 20 drops, several times a day, in 3 
or 4 fluidounces of sweetened water. For a gargle, 
f 3 j. or f 3 ij. to f § vj. of water. 

NITRO-MURIATIC ACID— ACIDUM NITROMURIATICUM. 

How is this prepared, and what are its physical and 
chemical properties ? 

Prepared by mixing nitric and muriatic acids in the 
ratio of one measure of the former to two of the latter. 
It has a deep-yellow color, an intensely acid taste, and 
exhales the odor of chlorine and nitrous acid. It is a 
solution of chlorine and nitrous acids in water, resulting 



TONICS. 93 

from the mutual decomposition of the acids, the hydro- 
gen of the muriatic parting with its chlorine to form 
water, with one eq. of oxygen of the nitric. It has 
been long known under the name of aqua regia, for 
its peculiar property of dissolving gold and platinum. 

What circumstance may prevent the above changes 
from taking place, when nitric and muriatic acids are 
mixed, and how may it be obviated ? 

Prevented by the weakness of the acids, as occasional- 
ly sold in the shops ; obviated by the addition of a little 
sulphuric acid, which, by its superior attraction for 
water, concentrates the other acids and effects the re- 
action. This may be known to have taken place, by 
the color and odor of the mixture, together with its 
power to dissolve gold-leaf. 

What are its remedial applications ? 

It is used, chiefly, externally, as a remedy in chronic 
hepatic affections, syphilis, and some cutaneous dis- 
eases. 

How is it applied? 

In the form of a foot-bath, and by sponging the body 
with it, in a diluted state. The bath, prepared by 
mixing f § ivss. of the acid, with cong. iij. of water, at 
96°F. in a deep wooden vessel, and the feet immersed 
in it for 20 or 30 minutes, daily : strength for sponging, 
f | j. to cong. j. Thus employed, it produces a tingling 
sensation in the skin, and occasionally salivation and 
soreness of the gums, after its use has been continued 
for sometime. It has been used also, internally, in the 
same affections, in the dose of from 5 to 10 drops, 2 
or 3 times a day, largely diluted with water. 



III. ARTERIAL STIMULANTS. 

What are these? 

Medicines which excite, most prominently, the cir- 
culation. 

To what cases are they applicable and inapplicable? 

They are applicable to cases of great prostration, 
when the natural powers of the system are sufficient 
to sustain it, when raised ; otherwise, they impair the 
vital energies, and increase the debility they are given 
to remove. Inapplicable, as a general rule, to febrile 
and inflammatory affections. Sometimes useful, how- 
ever, in such cases, when there is great depression of 
the vital actions, and especially in the suppurative 
and gangrenous stages of inflammation. They are 
improper in hypertrophy of the heart, and in recent 
cases of paralysis, particularly when the encephalon 
is in fault ; also, in prostration from concussion of the 
brain, and in the dulls of fevers, as there is danger 
to be apprehended from the subsequent re-action. In 
such cases, they should be administered with great 
caution, and only when essential to life; external 
stimulation being preferable. 

What are the individuals composing this class? 

Numerous substances possess stimulant properties; 
but those which, in their general effects, excite more 
especially the heart and arteries, are : cayenne pepper, 
oil of turpentine, carbonate of ammonia, and phos- 
phorus. 

CAYENNE PEPPER.— CAPSICUM. 

What is officinal capsicum. 

The fruit of the Capsicum annuum, an annual, 
herbaceous plant, cultivated in this country. 

What are the physical and chemical properties of 
the fruit ? 



ARTERIAL STIMULANTS. 95 

It is a long, pointed, pendulous pod, with a smooth, 
shining surface, of a bright-red color, when ripe. 
Internally, it consists of a dry, loose pulp, with numer- 
ous flat, kidney-shaped, whitish seeds. When pul- 
verized, it constitutes red pepper, or cayenne pepper, 
which is of a reddish-yellow color, becoming paler on 
exposure. It has an aromatic, pungent odor, and an 
acrid, burning taste. Water and alcohol extract its 
virtues, which depend upon an acrid principle called 
oapsici?i. 

What are its medical properties, and remedial 
applications. 

It is a powerful stimulant, its general influence, 
though, not proportionate to its local action. Much 
used as a condiment in tropical climates, to correct the 
flatulent tendency of certain vegetable articles of food, 
and to facilitate their digestion. As a medicine, it is 
used in cases of dyspepsia, which depend on fee- 
ble and languid digestion, such as occur in atonic 
gout, and in habitual drunkards. Sometimes given 
as an adjunct to sulphate of quinia, in intermittents, 
where there is great want of gastic susceptibility. 
Highly valuable in malignant sore throat and scarlet 
fever, in which it is used both internally and as a gar- 
gle. 

What are the forms of administration, and the dose 
of each? 

Given in substance, infusion and tincture. Dose of 
the powder, 5 to 10 grains, in pill ; of the infusion, 
made with 3 ij. to Oss. of boiling water, f § ss. ; 
of the tincture, f 3 j- to f 3 ij. Gargle, prepared with 
3 ss. to Oj. of boiling water, or f § ss. of the tincture, 
added to f § viij. of rose-water ; in malignant scarlatina, 
it is sometimes made much stronger, and with the 
additions of common salt and vinegar. 

OIL OF TURPENTINE.— OLEUM TEREBINTHINJE. 

How, and from what is this prepared? 

Oil of turpentine, or spirit of turpentine, as it is 



96 ARTERIAL STIMULANTS. 

commonly called, is prepared by distillation, from our 
common turpentine. 

What are its physical and chemical properties ? 

It is limped and colorless, of a peculiar, penetrating-, 
balsamic odor, and a hot, pungent, bitterish taste. It 
is much lighter than water, (sp. gr. 0.86 ;) very 
soluble in ether, less soluble in alcohol than most other 
volatile oils, and very sparingly soluble in water; 
highly volatile and inflammable. When pure, it con- 
sists of carbon and hydrogen, but as usually met with, 
it contains oxygen also, which is absorbed from the 
air, and changes a portion of the oil into a yellowish, 
resinous matter. This is soluble in alcohol, by which 
it is separated from the oil. 

What are its medical properties, and therapeutical 
applications as a stimulant? 

It is stimulant, diuretic, anthelmintic; in large 
doses, cathaitic, and externally, rubefacient. As a 
stimulant, it is used in typhoid fevers, especially when 
connected with ulcerations of the mucous membranes; 
in chronic rheumatism, particularly sciatica and lum- 
bago ; in neuralgia ; in passive hemorrhages from the 
mucous surfaces ; in chronic dysentery, diarrhoea, &c. 

What is the dose as a stimulant, and the best mode 
of administration ? 

Dose, from v. minims to f 5 j. : given in emulsion with 
gum arabic, loaf sugar, and cinnamon or mint water 

CARBONATE OF AMMONIA.— AMMONIA CARBONAS. 

How is this salt prepared, and what are its physical 
and chemical properties ? 

It is prepared by subliming a mixture of muriate of 
ammonia and carbonate of lime ; when a reciprocal 
action takes place, by which carbonate of ammonia, 
chloride of calcium and water are generated. The 
carbonate of ammonia and water sublime together as 
a hydrated carbonate of ammonia. It is in white, 
translucent, fibrous masses, of a pungent odor, and a 
caustic, alkaline taste. It is soluble in water and di- 



ARTERIAL STIMULANTS. 97 

luted alcohol, both of which decompose it when hot, 
with effervescence of carbonic acid. It consists of 3 
eq. of carbonic acid, 2 of ammonia, and 2 of water : 
or, 1 eq. of bicarbonate, I of simple carbonate, with 
the same quantity of water, and is therefore a hydra- 
ted sesquicarbonate. It has an alkaline re-action, 
changing turmeric paper brown. Exposed to the air, 
it effloresces and soon falls to powder ; carbonate of 
ammonia is evolved, and the remaining powder is the 
bicarbonate. 

What are the signs of goodness? 

It should affect turmeric paper, as above stated, 
when held over it, and should evaporate, without resi- 
due, when heated. 

What are its medical properties and therapeutical 
applications, as a stimulant? 

It is stimulant, diaphoretic, antispasmodic, antacid, 
and in large doses, emetic. As a stimulant, it is much 
used in the latter stages of typhus fever ; in the ad- 
vanced stages of pneumonia, with great prostration; 
in the cases of habitual drunkards, <fec. Mixed with 
some aromatic oil, as oil of lavender or bergamot, it is 
much used under the name of smelling salts, as a 
nasal stimulant, in syncope and hysteria. 

What is the close, as a stimulant, and the best mode 
of administration ? 

Dose, 5 to 10 grains, every few hours; given in pill, 
or better in solution, with sugar and gum, to obtund 
its acrimony. 

PHOSPHORUS. 

What are the effects of phosphorus on the system? 

In small doses, it is a powerful general stimulant ; 
in large closes, an irritant poison. It is said to in- 
crease the secretions from the kidneys, and to excite 
the venerial passion. Rarely prescribed. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 

Dose, gr. T V; given in oleaginous or ethereal solu- 
tion. 

9 



IV. NERVOUS STIMULANTS. 

What are the peculiarities of this class of medicines, 
and the diseases to which they are applicable ? 

They are stimulating medicines which, in addition 
to their action on the circulation, exert an excitant 
influence over the nerves at large, without any espe- 
cial tendency to the brain. Applicable to all cases of 
nervous derangement, unconnected with inflammation 
or arterial excitement, and particularly to such as de- 
pend on, or are associated with, debility. More gen- 
erally useful than any other class, in spasmodic 
affections ; and hence, usually denominated antispas- 
modics. 

What are the substances belonging to this class? 

Musk, castor, assafetida, valerian, oil of amber, &c. 

MUSK— MOSCHUS. 

What is musk, and its origin ? 

It is an inspissated or concrete secretion, derived 
from the Moschus moschiferus, a wild animal inhabit- 
ing the mountainous regions of Central Asia, and re- 
sembling, in shape and size, the deer. 

From what part of the animal is it obtained, and 
how is it piepared for market ? 

It is contained in a small, oval, hairy sac, found 
only in the male, situated immediately in front of the 
preputial orifice. This is removed from the animal, 
and dried for exportation. 

From whence is it imported, and what is the charac- 
ter of the sacs, as brought into market? 

There are two varieties: the Chinese, and Russian ; 
the former is brought from China, or Tonquin, by the 
way of Canton — the latter, which is a more inferior 
kind, comes from Siberia, through Russia. The musk 
pods are from two to three inches long, by one or two 



NERVOUS STIMULANTS. 99 

bioad; smooth and bare on one side, convex and cov- 
ered with stiff, brownish-yellow hairs on the other ; 
amidst which, there is a small, natural aperture. They 
are lined internally by a smooth membrane, the dupli- 
cations of which form incomplete partitions. They 
usually contain from 5j. to 3 iij. of musk, mixed 
with hairs. 

What are the physical and chemical properties of 
musk ? 

It is in the form of small grains, unctuous to the 
touch; of a reddish-brown color; a strong, diffusive, 
very persistent odor, and of a bitter, aromatic taste. 
It is very complex in its composition. Water dissolves 
its active principles, partially; alcohol, more com- 
pletely. 

How is it usually adulterated, and the signs by 
which it may be detected? 

Various substances are used to adulterate it ; but 
the most common is dried blood, from its resemblance 
to musk. This, mixed with a portion of musk, is 
sometimes introduced into the sacs through an arti- 
ficial opening, which is then carefully sewed up or 
glued together ; and sacs are sometimes made of the 
scrotum and skin, and filled with the same mixture. 
The fraud may be detected by careful inspection, or 
by immersion in hot water, when glued together. The 
musk itself should possess the physical properties be- 
fore detailed. 

What are its medical properties and uses? 

It is a stimulating antispasmodic ; given in hysteria 
and chorea ; in the subsultus tendinum and hiccough 
of typhoid diseases; in spasmodic affections of the 
stomach and bowels ; in infantile convulsions, &c. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 

Medium dose, 10 grains; given in pill or emulsion. 
Sometimes given to children in the form of enema. 

How is artificial musk prepared ? 

By the slow addition of nitric acid to the unrectified 
oil of amber. 



100 NERVOUS STIMULANTS. 

CASTOR.— CASTOREUM. 

What is castor, and from what obtained ? 

It is a peculiar concrete secretion ; obtained from 
two follicles situated between the anus and external 
genitals of both sexes of the Castor fibre, or Beaver. 

What are its physical and medical properties ? 

It is brought into market in pairs of membranous sacs, 
attached together by a kind of natural ligament. It 
is of a reddish-brown color, of a strong, peculiar, un- 
pleasant odor, and of a nauseous, bitter taste. It is a 
moderate stimulant and antispasmodic; occasionally 
given in hysteria, and other nervous affections. 

How is it given and what is the dose ? 

Given in bolus, emulsion or tincture. Dose, 10 to 
20 grains; of the tincture, f 5j. to f 5 ij. 

ASSAFETIDA— ASSAFCETIDA. 

What is assafetida, and the mode of preparing it for 
market ? 

It is the inspissated juice of the Ferula Assafcetida, 
an herbaceous, umbelliferous plant, with a very large, 
fleshy, perennial root, growing in Persia. It is ob- 
tained by slicing off the top of the root, and the juice 
which exudes is scraped off, from time to time, and 
allowed to harden in the sun. 

What are the routes by which it reaches our market? 

It comes either by the way of Great Britain, or is 
sent to India, and from thence imported. 

What are its physical and chemical properties ? 

It comes in irregular masses, packed in casks or 
cases; of a softish consistence when fresh, becoming 
hard on exposure; of a reddish-yellow color, externally, 
and presenting, when broken or cut, a whitish surface, 
variegated with pearl-white tears, which change rapidly 
to a red tint, when exposed to the air. It has a very fetid, 
alliaceous odor, and a bitter, acrid taste; both of which 
are diminished by time and exposure, particularly the 



NERVOUS STIMULANTS. 10 L 

odor. It softens by heat, without melting-, and is in- 
flammable. Its most important constituents are vola- 
tile oil, resin and gum, to the two former of which it 
owes its virtues. Water dissolves the gum ; alcohol, 
the oil and resin, forming a clear tincture, which be- 
comes milky on the addition of water. 

What are its medical properties and therapeutical 
applications ? 

It is stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant and laxa- 
tive. A valuable remedy in nervous derangements, 
depending on debility. Much used as an antispas- 
modic, in hysteria, hypochondriasis, chorea, convul- 
sions, hooping-cough, flatulent colic, &c. 

What are the modes of administration and the 
doses ? 

It is given in pill, emulsion and tincture. Dose, 
from 5 to 20 grains ; of the tincture, f 5 j. 

How is the officinal mixture (Mistura Assafcetida J 
prepared, and what is its dose? 

Prepared by rubbing 3 ij. with Oss. of water until 
they are thoroughly mixed. This, which is frequent- 
ly called lac assafcetida , or milk of assafetida, is given 
in the dose of f § ss. or f § j. Often given as an enema, 
in the dose of from f § ij. to f § iv. 

VALERIAN.— VALERIAN A. 

What is this officinally ? 

It is the root of the Valeriana officinalis, a lar^e, 
herbaceous plant, indigenous in Europe. 

What are the physical and chemical properties of 
the root ? 

It consists of numerous long, slender fibres, attach- 
ed to a short, tuberous root-stock. Externally, they 
are of a yellowish-brown color; internally, whitish, 
and affords a yellowish-gray powder. Its odor is strono- 
and characteristic, disagreeable to man, but pleasant to 
cats ; its taste warm and bitter. Water and alcohol 
9* 



102 NERVOUS STIMULANTS. 

extract its virtues, which depend on a volatile oil, and 
a peculiar volatile acid, called valerianic acid. 

What are the sensible properties of the oil ? 

It is of a pale greenish color, of the odor of vale- 
rian, and of an aromatic taste. 

What are the effects of valerian on the system, and 
its remedial applications ? 

It is a nervous excitant ; given in hysteria, hypo- 
chondriasis, epilepsy, hemicrania, and in typhoid fevers, 
attended with restlessness, morbid vigilance, &c. 

What are the forms of administration, and the dose 
of each ? 

Given in powder, infusion, tincture and oil. Dose 
of the powder, from 3 ss. to 5 iss. ; of the infusion, 
made with § ss. to Oj., f § ij. ; of tha tincture, from 
f 3 ij. to f 3 iv. ; of the oil, from 4 to 6 drops. 

How is the ammoniated tincture of valerian pre- 
pared, and what are its advantages over the simple 
tincture ? 

Prepared by macerating valerian in aromatic ammo- 
niated alcohol. The ammonia is thought to aid in 
the solution of the active principles of the valerian, 
and to contribute, by its own properties, to the efficacy 
of the preparation. 

What is the dose and mode of exhibition ? 

Dose, f 3 j. to f 3 ij. ; given in sweetened water. 

AMBER.— SUCCINUM. 

What is the source of amber? 

It is a fossil resin, of vegetable origin, found in va- 
rious parts of the world, but most abundantly on the 
shores of the Baltic, where it is thrown by the waters 
of the sea. 

What are its properties and uses ? 

It is in small, irregular, brittle masses, breaking 
with a vitreous fracture, usually translucent and of a 
yellow color, tasteless and inodorous, except when 
rubbed or heated, when it exhales an aromatic odor. 



NERVOUS STIMULANTS. 103 

It is insoluble in water, and nearly so in alcohol. Its 
most important constituents are a volatile oil and a 
volatile acid, called succinic acid. It is not now used 
in medicine; employed in the arts, and in pharmacy, 
to piepare succinic acid and oil of amber. 

Oil of Amber. — Oleum Succini. How is this pre- 
pared, and what are its physical properties? 

It is prepared by destructive distillation ; and as thus 
procured, it is very impure, being dark, thick, and of 
a strong, empyreurnatic odor. 

How is it purified, and what are the properties of 
the officinal rectified oil ? ( Oleum Succini Rectifica- 
tum. ) 

It is purified by re -distillation with water. When 
perfectly pure, it is colorless, and as thin as alcohol ; 
but as usually met with, it is of a yellowish-brown 
color, of a strong, unpleasant odor, and a hot, acrid 
taste. It is soluble in alcohol, and imparts its proper- 
ties, in some degree, to water. On exposure, it be- 
comes darker and thicker, and ultimately, black and 
solid. It is stimulant, antispasmodic, and, externally, 
rubefacient. 

What are its therapeutical applications ? 

Given in spasmodic and convulsive affections. Ap- 
plied externally, as a liniment, in chronic rheumatism 
and palsy; in hooping-cough, convulsions of child- 
ren, &c. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 

Dose, from 5 to 15 drops ; given in emulsion. 

SKUNK CABBAGE— DRACONTIUM. 

What is this officinally ? 

The root of the Symplocarpus fcetidus. 

What is the character of this plant, and place of 
growth? 

It is an herbaceous, perennial plant, flowering in 
March and April, and sending up afterwards, from the 
root, numerous leaves, which, when fully grown, are 



104 NERVOUS STIMULANTS. 

very large and luxuriant. It is indigenous, growing 
abundantly, in meadows and swamps, throughout the 
Northern and Middle States. 

What are the sensible properties of the roots, and 
how are they affected by heat and exposure ? 

The fresh root has a strong, fetid odor, and an acrid 
taste, which reside in a very volatile principle ; and 
consequently, aie dissipated by heat, and diminished 
by drying. It loses its properties by time, and should 
not be kept for use longer than a single season. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

It is stimulant, antispasmodic and narcotic, and has 
been used in asthma, hysteria, chronic catarrh, &c. 

What is the dose? 

From 10 to 20 grains. 

Mention some other substances which possess the 
properties of nervous stimulants. 

Galbanum, Sagapenum, Ammoniacum and Gar- 
lic ; these, however, are but little used as such, except 
garlic, which is frequently applied externally, to relieve 
spasm and allay nervous irritation. Tea and Coffee 
possess, together with tonic and astringent properties, 
those of nervous stimulants. Electricity and Gal- 
vanism are also powerful nervous excitants, and are 
sometimes resorted to in paralysis, nervous deafness, 
amaurosis, chronic rheumatism, and in many other 
nervous and chronic affections. 



V. CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 

What are the characteristics of these ? 

The) r are defined to be " medicines which, with a 
stimulating influence over the circulation and the gen 
eral nervous system, conjoin a peculiar determination 
to the brain." Usually called narcotics, from the stupor 
they occasion in large doses; sometimes anodynes, 
from their influence in relieving pain; and soporifics 
or hypnotics, from their power to induce sleep. The 
individuals of the class, differ in many respects from 
each other; each one having its own peculiar mode of 
operation, and differing from the others, not only in 
the degree of its action, but in its particular tendency. 
They affect the brain more decidedly in large doses, 
whilst their excitant effects on the nerves and vascular 
system, are inversely proportionate, in degree and du- 
ration, to the quantity taken. In very large doses, 
they act as narcotic poisons, destroying the functions 
of the brain, when respiration ceases as a consequence. 
Supposed to act partly through the medium of the 
nerves, and partly by absorption. Their influence di- 
minished in a remarkable degree, by repetition or habit, 
which makes it necessary, when their long continued 
use is required, that they should be given in gradually 
increased doses and frequently changed. 

What are the individuals composing this class? 

Alcohol, sulphuric ether, opium, lactucarium, hen- 
bane, hops, camphor, deadly nightshade, thorn-apple 
leaves and seeds, bittersweet, hemlock, &c. 

ALCOHOL. 

What is the origin and mode of pieparing alcohol? 

It is a product of the vinous fermentation ; obtain- 
ed from the vinous or fermented liquors, by distil- 
lation. 



106 CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 

What is meant in commerce by proof spirit*? 

Those are called proof spirit which have a sp. gr. 
of 0.920, when they contain only from 50 to 55 per 
cent, of alcohol, mixed with water, essential oil, and 
other foreign matters. 

How is officinal or rectified alcohol prepared, and 
what is its strength ? 

Prepared by re-distillation ; sp. gr. 0.835 ; percent- 
age of water, 15. 

AY hat is Alcohol Dilutum, or proof spirit of phar- 
macy ? 

It consists of equal measures of alcohol, or rectified 
alcohol, and distilled water ; has a sp. gr. of 0.935, 
and contains 42 per cent, of absolute alcohol. 

What are its pharmaceutical uses? 

Alcohol, either in its rectified or diluted state, is 
much used for its solvent and pieservative powers; 
employed in the preparation of the tinctures, spirits, 
ethers and resinous extracts ; is added to the vinegars, 
10 some medicated waters, infusions and decoctions, to 
assist in their preservation. Diluted alcohol mostly 
used in the formation of the tinctures, for which it is 
particularly adapted when the principles to be extracted 
are partly soluble in water and partly in alcohol. 

What are its medical and poisonous properties ? 

Alcohol is the intoxicating principle of all spiritous 
and vinous liquors; in moderate doses, properly dilu- 
ted, it acts as a powerful diffusible stimulant; in some- 
what larger doses, it produces the well known effects 
of intoxication, and in excessive doses, it acts as a 
powerful narcotic poison. 

What are its remedial implications ? 

Employed in the advanced stages of typhoid dis- 
eases ; for this purpose brandy is usually selected, but. 
wine is preferable to any of the distilled liquors, as its 
effects are more permanent and more easily regulated. 
Sometimes used also, in flatulent colic; in indigestion, 
vomiting, fainting, &c. Applied externally, to in- 
flamed surfaces to produce cold by its evapotion, or to 



CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 107 

stimulate when its evaporation is repressed ; occasion- 
ally used as an excitant injection for the radical cure 
of hydrocele. 

Wines. What is the origin and composition of 
these ? 

The fermented juice of the grape. All the varie- 
ties of wine contain, in different proportions, alcohol, 
water, mucilage, tannic and acetic acids, tartar, tartrate 
of lime, coloring matter and a peculiar principle, upon 
which the flavor and odor depend, called bouquet. 
What wines are mostly used in medicine ? 
TenerifTe, Sherry, Madeira, Port and Ciaret. As a 
stimulant, TenerifTe, Sherry or Madeira is generally 
selected ; Port wine, when a stimulant and astringent 
effect is indicated. 

What is the proportion of alcohol in each of these ? 
The two first contain between 19 and 20 per cent, 
by measure, of alcohol; Madeira and Port, from 20 
to 25 per cent., and Claret, from 12 to 17. 
What is the objection to the light wines. 
They are the least generous of all the wines, and 
are often acescent, which renders them liable to disa- 
gree with the delicate stomach, and improper in 
dyspeptic acidity, and in the gouty and uric acid dia- 
theses. 

What are the therapeutical applications of wine ? 
An excellent stimulant in the advanced stages of 
typhoid fevers, especially when there is great prostra- 
tion of the vital powers, attended with delirium, sin- 
gultus, subsuitus tendinum and sleeplessness, and in 
extensive ulceration and gangrene; given either alone 
or combined with bark or opium. Given also, in con- 
valescence from acute diseases, and in some convulsive 
affections, as tetanus. 

What are the evidences of the favorable and unfa- 
vorable action of alcoholic liquors in febrile diseases? 
Signs of their good effects: an increased fulness, 
with diminished frequency of the pulse, and a mitiga- 
tion of all the nervous symptoms; of their unfavorable 



108 CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 

action : a more frequent pulse, augmented heat and 
thirst, and an aggravation of the nervous symptoms. 

What is the close of wine, and mode of administer- 
ing it ? 

Dose very variable ; from a few ounces to a bottleful 
or more may be given in the course of 24 hours, ac- 
cording to circumstances ; administered either pure or 
in the form of wine-whey. This is made by adding 
from a gill to half a pint of wine to a pint of boiling 
milk, straining without pressure to separate the curd, 
and sweetening with loaf sugar. 

What are the peculiarities and medical uses of malt 
liquors 9 

They contain a smaller proportion of alcohol than 
wine, but a larger quantity of nutritive matter, and 
possess, in addition, a peculiar principle derived from 
the hop, which gives them a bitter taste and tonic 
powers. Occasionally used in debility, with enfeebled 
digestion ; in local gangrene, sloughing, &c. Porter 
or ale usually preferred. 

SULPHURIC ETHER.— /ETHER SULPHURICUS. 

How is this prepared and purified ? 

It is formed by the action of sulphuric acid, aided 
by heat, on alcohol, and separated by distillation. As 
thus procured, it is impure, and is mixed with an 
aqueous solution of potassa and re-distilled, when it is 
called rectified sulphuric ether. 

What are its properties ? 

It is a transparent, colorless liquid, of a fragrant, 
penetrating odor, and a hot, pungent taste, followed 
by a sense of coolness. Its sp. gr. is about 0.T50 ; it 
is extremely volatile, and produces, by its speedy evap- 
oration, considerable coldness. It boils at 9S° ; is 
highly inflammable, and consequently should not be 
handled near a flame. It becomes acid by keeping. 
It unites in all proportions with alcohol, and is dis- 
solved by about ten times its weight of water. Its 



CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 109 

ultimate constituents are hydrogen, carbon and oxygen. 

What are its effects on the system, and its therapeu- 
tical applications ? 

It is a powerful diffusible stimulant, and its effects, 
which are rapidly produced, are equally transient. It 
is also antispasmodic aud narcotic. Its vapor inhaled, 
produces a transient intoxication, resembling that 
caused by the protoxide of nitrogen, but very danger- 
ous if carried too far. Used in spasmodic and nervous 
affections unaccompanied with inflammation, as cramp 
of the stomach and flatulent colic ; in nevous head- 
ache, hysteria, and some stages of low forms of fever, 
attended with subsultus tendinum and hiccough. Mix- 
ed with a glass of white wine, it is said to be useful in 
cases of sea-sickness. The vapor inhaled from a piece 
of sugar held in the mouth, or disengaged by adding 
ether to warm water, has proved serviceable in spas- 
modic asthma and some other spasmodic affections of 
the respiratory organs. Sometimes applied externally, 
as a rubefacient or local stimulant, in rheumatic and 
neuralgic pains, its evaporation being repressed ; and 
as a refrigerant, in strangulated hernia, its evaporation 
being allowed. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 

Dose, from f 5 ss. to f 5 ij., often repeated, when its 
full effect is desued. Usually given in aromatic or 
sweetened water, w r ith which it may be thoroughly in- 
corporated by rubbing it up first with spermaceti, in 
the proportion of f 5 j. to 2 grains, and separating the 
spermaceti by passing the mixture through a piece of 
muslin after the incorpoiation has been completed. 

Compound Spirit of Sulphuric Ether. W^hat is 
this commonly called, and how is it prepared ? 

Commonly known as Hoffmann's Anodyne Liquor. 
Prepared by mixing sulphuric ether and ethereal oil. 
(Proportions, Oj. to f 5 ij.) 

How is ks transparency affected by water ? 

When properly prepared, it becomes milky when 
mixed with water, owing to the precipitation of the 
10 



110 CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 

oil ; this, however, does not prove its genuineness, as 
the same property may be given to it by the addition 
of various essential oils. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

Like ether, it is stimulant and antispasmodic, and 
possesses the additional property of an anodyne. Given 
in nervous irritation and wakefulness. Often pre- 
scribed in combination with laudanum, to prevent the 
nausea which sometimes follows the use of the latter. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 

Dose, from f 3 ss. to f 3 ij. ; given in a wine-glassful 
of sweetened water. 

OPIUM. 

What is opium ? 

The concrete juice from the unripe capsules of 
Papaver somniferum. 

What is the character of this plant, and where in- 
digenous ? 

It is an annual plant, with an erect, branched stem, 
from two to six feet high, with large, variously lobed 
leaves, and very large terminal flowers, which are gen- 
erally white, with a purple eye. The capsules are of 
a rounded shape, from two to four inches in diameter, 
and contain numerous small, oily seeds, which are 
either white or blackish ; the ground of distinction be- 
tween the white and black poppy. It is believed to 
be a native of Asia, but now grows wild in several 
other countries. 

Where is it cultivated, and for what purposes? 

It is extensively cultivated in India, Persia, Egypt 
and Asiatic Turkey, for the sake of opium ; in Europe, 
chiefly for its capsules and the oil contained in the 
seeds, and in this country, as an ornamental flower. 

What are the properties and uses of the mature 
capsules? 

As met with in the shops, they are of a globular 
shape, about as large as a common size apple, crow T n- 



CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. Ill 

ed with the persistent, many-rayed stigma, of a dirty 
white color, and of a thin, fragile structure, somewhat 
like that of paper. They are without odor, and have 
a slightly bitter taste. They contain principles similar 
to those of opium, which they impart to boiling water. 
In medical virtues also, analogous to opium, but of 
very variable strength, and often exceedingly feeble. 
Sometimes employed in the form of decoction as an 
anodyne fomentation, to inflamed and painful parts. 

What are the properties and uses of the oil obtained 
from the seed ? 

The oil, which is obtained by expression, is a bland, 
yellowish fixed oil ; used in some places for culinary 
purposes, and in the arts, as a substitute for olive oil. 

Hoav is opium obtained, and what are the commer- 
cial varieties ? 

Procured by making incisions into the capsules, 
through which a milky juice exudes; this is scraped 
off, dried without heat, formed into cakes, and usually 
wrapped in poppy leaves, to prevent them from adher- 
ing. The varieties of opium are many, and called 
after the countries in which they are produced, or their 
places of export. Those mostly met with in our 
market, are Turkey opium and Egyptian opium ; 
the former is produced in the Turkish province of 
Anatolia and exported from Smyrna and Constanti- 
nople ; usually called after these ports, and considered 
by some as distinct varieties. 

What are the physical properties of each of these 
varieties ? 

Smyrna opium, the variety by far the most abund- 
ant in our market, comes in irregularly rounded or 
flattened lumps weighing usually from half a pound 
to a pound ; hard externally, or soon becomes so by 
being kept, and soft within. Each lump is covered 
externally with the reddish capsules of a species of 
Rumex, and sometimes with poppy leaves. It is of a 
reddish-brown color, and presents a waxy lustre when 
cut, and numerous small, shining tears when torn. Its 



112 CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 

odor is strong and narcotic, and its taste bitter and 
acrid. 

Constantinople opium. The most of this differs 
but little, in quality and external appearance, from 
Smyrna opium, being equally irregular in shape, and 
covered with the capsules of the Rumex ; but differs 
internally, being destitute of the tears which charac- 
terize that variety. 

Egyptian opium is in flat, round cakes, from three 
to eight ounces in weight, wrapped up in a poppy leaf, 
the midrib of which divides the surface by an indenta- 
tion. They are generally hard throughout, breaking 
with a conchoidal fracture and waxy lustre. It is of 
a redder color, usually, than Smyrna opium, but has a 
much weaker odor and about half the strength. 

What are the physical properties of good opium ? 

When good, it is of a reddish-brown color, a pecu- 
liar, strong, narcotic odor, and a bitter, somewhat acrid 
taste, exciting irritation in the lips and tongue, when 
long chewed. When drawn over paper, it leaves an 
interrupted trace of a light brown color; becomes hard 
and brittle by exposure to the air; breaks with a uni- 
form shining fracture; affords a yellowish-brown pow- 
der, and yields from 10 to 11 per cent, of morphia. 

What are the signs of inferiority? 

It is said to be of inferior quality, when of a black- 
ish color, a soft viscid consistence, a dull fracture, and 
of feeble odor and taste ; when it leaves a daik uni- 
form trace on paper, forms a thick viscid solution with 
water, and yields but little morphia. 

What are the effects of heat on opium, and its rela- 
tions to water and alcohol ? 

It is rendered soft and adhesive by a slight heat, 
and is inflammable. Partially soluble in water and 
alcohol. 

What is its chemical constitution ? 

It contains a great many principles; the following 
are peculiar to it : morphia, narcotina, codeia, para- 
morphia, narcein, meconin, and meconic acid; of 



CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 113 

these the first is by far the most important, and is an 
officinal preparation. 

Narcotina. How is this prepared, and what are its 
properties ? 

It may be obtained from opium or its aqueous ex- 
tract, by means of sulphuric ether, which only dis- 
solves the narcotina and yields it on evaporation. It 
crystalizes in white silky needles ; is without taste or 
smell ; fuses with a moderate heat ; is nearly insoluble 
in water; very soluble in ether, and soluble in boiling 
alcohol and dilute acids ; forming with some of the 
latter, compounds resembling salts, and hence it is 
ranked among the vegetable alkalies, though it has no 
alkaline re-action on vegetable colors. It was former- 
ly believed, by some, to be the stimulating, by others, 
the narcotic, principle of opium, but it is now thought 
to be nearly devoid of these properties, and like qui- 
nia, is capable of arresting the paroxysms of remittent 
and intermittent fevers. 

Codeia. What is the character of this principle ? 

It is a white crystalizable alkali, in medical virtues 
somewhat similar to morphia, and about half the 
strength. 

What are the effects of opium on the system ? 

It is a stimulant, narcotic. In medical doses, it ex- 
cites the vascular system and exhilarates the nervous 
functions, which are soon followed by a sedative influ- 
ence, attended with quiet and pleasurable sensations, 
and in the course of half an hour or so, by sleep. 
This usually continues six or eight hours, when the 
patient awakes, generally with more or less nausea, 
headache, tremors, loss of appetite, and a disinclina- 
tion to active exertion; at the same time, it diminishes 
all of the secretions, except that from the skin, and less- 
ens the peristaltic motion of the bowels. Such are the 
ordinary effects of opium ; but it has been known to 
act very peculiarly on some persons, producing, even 
in very small doses, nausea and vomiting, restlessness, 
wakefulness, headache, and even delirium. Again, 
10* 






114 CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 



some persons are comparatively insusceptible to its ac- 
tion, a state apt to be induced by habit, whilst others 
again, and especially young children, are extremely 
susceptible, one drop of laudanum having proved, in 
some instances, a dangerous dose for an infant a few 
weeks old. And lastly, its effects are greatly modified 
by disease and by combination. In excessive doses, 
it acts as a powerful narcotic poison, producing, soon 
after it is taken, giddiness, drowsiness, and in a short 
time, complete stupor, with scarcely any previous ex- 
citement. In such cases, respiration is slow and ster- 
torous ; the eyes closed and the pupils contracted ; the 
muscles relaxed; the pulse at first full, slow and labor- 
ing, becomes more and more feeble, and death quickly 
ensues, unless prevented by active treatment. 

What are its therapeutical applications? 

It is capable of fulfilling numerous indications, and 
has a wide range of application. Its primary excitant 
action, renders it useful in typhoid diseases ; its power 
to relieve pain, invaluable in many cases, and its ef- 
fects in inducing sleep, important in all cases of mor- 
bid vigilance, unaccompanied with acute inflammation 
of the brain, as delirium tremens, &c, &c. Its influ- 
ence in relaxing spasm, and allaying nervous, and in 
large doses, vascular irritation, makes it applicable to 
various diseases, as colic, spasm of the ureters, and gall- 
duct, from the passage of calculi; to cholera, cough, 
tetanus, hydrophobia, hysteria; to nervous irritation, 
from excessive losses of blood ; to tenesmus, strangury, 
and to various other spasmodic, convulsive and painful 
affections. In suppressing morbid discharges, it is a 
valuable remedy in many cases, as in some stages of 
diarrhoea; in consumption, chronic catarrh, humoral 
asthma, diabetis, and in some forms of hemorrhage, 
combined with astringents. It is also valuable as a 
diaphoretic, when conjoined with small doses of emetic 
medicines, as with ipecacuanha, in the form of Pulvis 
Ipecacuanha et Opii. 

What circumstances contra-indicate its use ? 



CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 115 

Contra-indicated by high inflammatory excitement, 
which should be first reduced by antiphlogistic mea- 
sures, and the opium given in full doses, so as to se- 
cure its sedative effects. In such cases, often advanta- 
geously combined with antimonials, or ipecacuanha, 
which modify its excitant action and increase its 
tendency to the skin. Contra-indicated also, by in- 
flammation of the brain, or strong determination of 
blood to the head, and whenever constipation of the 
bowels should be particularly avoided ; constipation, 
however, sometimes relieved by it, when it depends 
on intestinal spasm, as in colic. Its constipating effects 
may be counteracted in most cases, by laxatives. 

What is the proper treatment for its poisonous 
effects? > 

The stomach should be evacuated as soon as possi- 
ble, either by means of emetics, or by the stomach- 
pump ; the former to be preferred when solid opium 
has been taken, and their operation promoted by the 
free use of warm drinks, by irritating the fauces with 
a feather, by keeping the patient in motion, and by 
dashing cold water upon the head and shoulders. After 
its evacuation, the subsequent debility should be coun- 
teracted by stimulants, as carbonate of ammonia, aro- 
matic spirit of ammonia, wine-whey, &c. ; while sina- 
pisms and stimulating frictions are applied to the sur- 
face. Artificial respiration as a dernier resort, should 
not be neglected. 

What is the dose of opium, and how administered? 

Medium dose, 1 grain; given usually in the form of 
pill, which is best prepared with powdered opium, as 
thus formed it is more readily dissolved in the liquors 
of the stomach. Sometimes applied with great advan- 
tage by the rectum, in painful affections of this and 
neighboring parts ; and in cases of obstinate vomiting, 
employed as a suppository, 3 or 4 grains being made 
into a cylinder, with soap, and introduced into the 
rectum, or in the form of enema, made with laudanum 
and a small quantity of some bland liquid. 



116 



CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 



Tincture of Opium. — Tinctura Opii. By what 
other titles is this known? 

Commonly called Laudanum, sometimes Thebaic 
tincture. 

How is it prepared, and what are its advantages? 

Prepared by macerating powdered opium, ( § iiss.,) 
in diluted alcohol, (Oij.,) for 14 days, and filtering. 
It possesses the advantages over solid opium, of being 
more easily administered, especially to children, and 
acts more speedily. 

What is the dose? 

Dose of clear laudanum, equivalent to a grain of 
opium, about 13 minims, or 25 drops ; but when long 
kept, and exposed occasionally to the air, it becomes 
thick, and much stronger, in consequence of the evap- 
oration of a portion of the alcohol, and the deposition 
of opium. 

How is it applied externally? 

Often used as an addition to collyria, in ophthal- 
mia ; to injections in gonorrhoea, &c. ; and to lotions, 
in various affections of the skin, as erythema and ery- 
sipelas; and in local pains, as those of gout and rheu- 
matism. 

Camphorated Tincture of Opium. — Tinctura Opii 
Camphorata. What is the familiar name of this pre- 
paration, and what are its constituents? 

It is the well known Paregoric Elixir, consisting 
of opium, benzoic acid, oil of anise, extract of liquo- 
rice, clarified honey, camphor and diluted alcohol. 

What are its theiapeutical effects and applications? 

It is a vei y pleasant anodyne, and antispasmodic; 
much used in pectoral affections, as cough, chronic 
catarrh, asthma, pertussis, &c. ; to relieve nausea, and 
slight pains in the stomach and bowels, and to induce 
sleep, in cases of children. 

What is its strength and dose ? 

Half fluidounce contains rather less than a grain of 
opium ; ordinary dose for an adult, f 3 j., or f 3 ij. ; for 
an infant, from 5 to 20 drops. 



CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 117 

Acetated Tincture of Opium. — Tinctura Opii 
Acetata. How is this prepared, and for what is it in- 
tended as a substitute ? 

Prepared by macerating 1 opium in vinegar and alco- 
hol, for 2 weeks, and filtering. Introduced as a sub- 
stitute for the old Acetum Opii or Black Drop. 

What are its advantages? 

It possesses the advantage over the Black Drop, of 
being of uniform strength, and is preferred by some, 
to laudanum, as being less apt to occasion the unplea- 
sant, subsequent effects of the diug. 

What is the dose ? 

Ten minims, or twenty drops, equivalent to a grain 
of opium. 

Morphia. How is this prepared ? 

Opium is macerated in distilled water, by which a 
solution of morphia is obtained in the state of a meco- 
nate; to this solution, after being filtered, alcohol and 
water of ammonia are added, the ammonia displaces 
the morphia, which, in precipitating, is partially purified 
b}^ the alcohol. To render it entirely pure, it is boiled 
in alcohol, till dissolved, filtered through animal char- 
coal while hot, and set aside to crystalize. 

What are its physical properties and chemical rela- 
tions ? 

It is in the form of small colorless crystals ; is ino- 
dorous, and of a bitter taste. Exposed to a moderate 
heat, it loses its crystaline form, and becomes white 
and opaque. It is insoluble in cold wafer ; slightly 
soluble in boiling water and cold alcohol, and readily 
so in boiling alcohol, which deposits it upon cooling; 
soluble also, in the fixed and volatile oils, and in 
solutions of potassa, soda and ammonia ; insoluble in 
ether. It has an alkaline re-action, forming salts with 
acids, most of which are soluble. Morphia and its 
salts are characterized by striking a deep blue color 
with a solution of a persalt of iron, and by assuming 
a blood-red color, on the contact of nitric acid, chang- 
ing ultimately to yellow. These tests, however, are 



118 



CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 



not infallible, especially the latter, as nitric acid pro- 
duces a similar effect on brucia. 

What are the medical properties of morphia? 

It is thought to be the chief narcotic principle of 
opium, but on account of its insolubility in water, it 
is seldom presciibed in an uncombined state. 

What are the preparations of morphia mostly used 
in this country? 

The Sulphate and Acetate. 

Sulphate of Morphia. — Morphia, Sulphas. How 
is this prepared ? 

By mixing morphia in powder, with distilled water. 
and carefully adding diluted sulphuric acid, till the 
morphia is saturated and dissolved. The solution is 
then evaporated with a gentle heat, until crystals form 
upon cooling. 

What is the character of the crystals, and their rela- 
tion to water ? 

They are small, white and feathery ; soluble in 
water. 

Acetate of Morphia. — Morphim Acetas. What is 
the form and color of this salt, and its solubility in 
water? 

As usually prepared, it is in the form of a white, 
cryslaline powder, not entirely soluble in water, in 
consequence of the uncombined morphia which it 
contains; this, however, may be rendered soluble by 
the addition of a few drops of acetic acid. 

What are the therapeutical effects of these salts, and 
their advantages over opium? 

Like opium, they possess anodyne and soporific 
properties, but are less stimulant, less disposed to con- 
stipate the bowels, and are more exempt from the 
consecutive effects which sometimes render opium in- 
convenient, and often disagreeable. They are usually 
more acceptable to the irritated stomach, and are more 
efficient, when applied externally to the denuded der- 
mis, in relieving violent neuralgic pains and obstinate 
sick stomach ; and may be used in many cases which 



CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 119 

do not admit of the internal use of opium, or its pre- 
parations. 

What are their doses and modes of administration ? 

One-sixth of a grain considered equivalent to a grain 
of opium. Given in pill or solution. For endermic 
application, triple the ordinary dose. 

Solution of Sulphate of Morphia. — Liquor Mor- 
phia Sulphatis. What is the advantage and dose of 
this preparation? 

It affords a convenient form for administering sul- 
phate of morphia in minute doses. Full dose for an 
adult, from f 5 j. to f 3 ij., which contain from ■§■ to J 
of a grain of the sulphate. 

LACTUCARIUM. 

What is this, and how collected? 

Lactucarium is the inspissated juice of the Lactuca 
sativa or garden lettuce. Collected from the plant 
after the flower-stem shoots up, by cutting off the stem 
and collecting and drying the milky juice which exudes. 

What are its properties and remedial uses? 

In sensible properties, it bears considerable resem- 
blance to opium, and is sometimes called lettuce opium, 
but in chemical constitution, it is very different, being 
destitute of morphia and most of the other principles 
of opium. In its operation on the system, it also re- 
sembles opium in some respects, but is much less, if 
at all stimulating, and produces none of those bad 
effects which usually follow the use of that medicine. 
It is, however, uncertain in its action. Employed to 
allay the irritation and cough of phthisis, &c. 

What is the dose? 

From 2 to 5 grains. 

HENBANE— HYOSCYAM US. 

What is this officinally ? 

The leaves and seeds of the Hyoscyamus niger, a 



120 CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 

biennial, herbaceous plant, indigenous in Europe, and 
introduced into this country. 

What are the physical and chemical properties of 
the leaves and seeds? 

The leaves of the second year, which are the most 
efficient, have, when dried, a clammy feel, a fetid, 
narcotic odor, and a bitter, nauseous taste ; in the fresh 
state, the odor and taste are much stronger. The seeds 
are small, irregular in shape, and of a brownish-yellow 
color. They have the odor of the plant, and a bitter 
taste. The leaves and seeds impart their virtues, to 
water and alcohol. They contain an alkaline princi- 
ple, closely resembling atropia, called hyosciamia, 
and to which some ascribe their virtues. 

What are the effects of henbane on the system ? 

It is narcotic in its operation, differing however from 
many others of this class, in producing but little ex- 
citement in its primary operation, and exerting rather 
a laxative, than a binding influence over the bowels. 
In over doses, it acts as an aero- narcotic poison, pro- 
ducing pain and irritation in the bowels, with purging 
and delirium, followed by stupor, with dilatation of 
the pupils, and sometimes by death. 

What are its therapeutical applications? 

As an anodyne and hypnotic, it may be given with 
advantage in many cases ; but being less efficient in 
these respects than opium and its prepaiations, it. is 
generally resorted to, only instead of these, when cir- 
cumstances forbid their use. An infusion of the leaves, 
or solution of the extract, is sometimes dropped into 
the eye, to dilate the pupil for the operation for cata- 
ract. 

What are the forms of administration ? 

Given in substance, tincture and extract; most fre- 
quently in the latter form, which is officinal. 

Extract of Henbane. — Extractum Hyoscyami. 
How is this prepared, and what are its physical pro- 
perties ? 

Prepared by bruising the fresh leaves, sprinkled with 



CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 121 

a little water, in a stone mortar, and then expressing 
the juice and evaporating to the proper consistence. 
As thus prepared, it is the inspissated juice, and is at 
first soft, becoming hard in three or four years; of a 
dark olive color, a narcotic odor, and a bitterish, nau- 
seous taste. 

What is the dose ? 

Dose of the powdered leaves, from 5 to 10 grains ; 
of the tincture, f 3 j. ; of the extract, 2 or 3 grains, 
gradually increased till some effect is produced. 

HOPS.— HUMULUS. 

What are these ? 

The strobiles of the Humulus Lupulus, a climbing 
plant, indigenous in Europe and North America. 

How are the strobiles prepared for market, and what 
are their physical properties? 

They are gathered in September, when ripe, dried 
by artificial heat, and packed in bales for market. 
They consist of numerous thin, papery scales, of a 
conical arrangement, are of a greenish-yellow color, a 
fragrant sub-narcotic odor, and a bitter, aromatic, slight- 
ly astringent taste. About the base of the scales is 
found, adhering, a fine golden yellow powder, which 
constitutes about one-sixth of the weight of dried hops, 
and may be separated by rubbing and sifting the stro- 
biles. This is officinal in the U. S. P., under the 
name of Lupulina. 

What are the active ingredients of hops, and their 
relations to water and alcohol ? 

Active ingredients, a volatile oil and a peculiar bitter 
principle, which exist more abundantly in the lupulin. 
Alcohol extracts these principles readily, boiling water 
the bitterness, with the dissipation of part of their 
aroma. 

What are their medical properties and uses? 

They are tonic, and slightly narcotic. Used in 
cases of debility, associated with nervous derangement. 
11 



122 CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 

A hop pillow sometimes employed to induce sleep. 
Hop fomentations and cataplasms often used in local 
pains and tumefactions ; and an ointment of the pow- 
der, or lupulin, with lard, has been found to be a use- 
ful anodyne application to cancerous sores. 

What are the forms of administration, and the dose 
of each ? 

Hops are given in infusion and tincture. Dose of 
the infusion, made with % ss. to Oj., f§ij.; of the 
tincture, from f 5 j. to f 5 iij. 

How is lupulin given, and what is the dose? 

Given in substance and tincture. Dose of the sub- 
stance, 6 to 12 grains, administered in pill; of the 
tincture, from f 5 j. to f 5 ij. 

CAMPHOR.— CAMPHORA. 

What is Camphor, and from what derived ? 

It is a peculiar concrete substance, derived from 
the Laurus Camphora, a handsome evergreen tree, 
indigenous in China and Japan. 

How is it procured and purified? 

It is obtained from the chips of the roots and smaller 
branches, by sublimation. As thus obtained, it is im- 
pure, and is mixed with a small proportion of quick- 
lime and sublimed a second time. 

What are the physical and chemical properties of 
refined camphor? 

It has the form of the vessel in which it was con- 
densed, and is generally in hemispherical lumps, per- 
forated in the centre. It is white, translucent, fragile, 
and yet not easily pulverized, unless with the aid of a 
little rectified spirit ; of a shining fracture and a crys- 
taline texture. It has an unctuous feel, a peculiar, 
strong fragrant odor, and a bitter, cooling taste. It is 
lighter than water, and is very volatile, being entirely 
dissipated when long exposed to the air ; it melts and 
sublimes by heat, and is inflammable. Water dissolves 
a very minute proportion — sufficient, however, to im- 



CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 123 

part to it odor and taste — but by means of magnesia, 
mucilage, sugar, or yolk of egg, a large quantity 
may be suspended in water. It is soluble in alcohol, 
ether, and the fixed and volatile oils. The camphor 
is precipitated from the alcoholic solution by the addi- 
tion of water. Triturated with resins or fats it forms 
a soft, tenacious mass, with a diminution, and some- 
times, extinction of its odor. In composition it is very 
analogous to the essential oils. 

What are its effects on the system ? 

In relation to its action, there is great difference of 
opinion ; generally believed to be excitant in its opera- 
tion, and is thought, by some, to affect primarily and 
most prominently the brain and nervous system, and 
to favor diaphoresis. It also allays nervous irritation, 
and sometimes promotes sleep. In excessive doses, it 
occasions anxiety, vomiting, syncope, delirium, coma, 
&c, which effects are said to be best counteracted by 
opium. 

What are its therapeutical applications ? 

It is much uocd in tho advanced etag-oo of typhoid 

fevers, attended with subsultus tendinum, delirium and 
other nervous symptoms ; in spasmodic and nervous 
diseases, as dysmenorrhea, puerperal convulsions; some 
forms of mania, as that produced by the abuse of ardent 
spirit; in atonic gout and chronic rheumatism, and in 
irritable and painful affections of the urinary organs, 
as strangury, especially when produced by cantharides. 

What is the dose and best mode of administering 
camphor ? 

Medium dose, 5 to 10 grains; usually given in the 
form of pill, or made into an emulsion with water, by 
means of mucilage and sugar. The form of pill is 
said to be objectionable, as it is with difficulty dis- 
solved in the gastric liquors, and floating on the top is 
apt to occasion nausea or uneasiness about the cardiac 
orifice of the stomach. In cases requiring only a 
slight impression, the officinal camphor water, Aqua 
Camphorce, is a very convenient form. 



124 



CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 



How is this prepared, and what is its strength and 
dose? 

Prepared by rubbing camphor, first with a little 
alcohol, then with magnesia, and lastly, with distilled 
water gradually added, and filtering through paper. 
As thus prepared, about 50 grains is contained in a 
pint, or rather more than 3 grains in a fluidounce. 
Dose, f|j. or f § ij. Camphor is also given in the 
form of tincture, the dose of which varies from 5 drops 
tofsj. 

W hat are its external uses and modes of applica- 
tion ? 

It is often employed dissolved in spirit or oil, as in 
the form of the simple tincture ; the Camphorated 
Tincture of Soap — Tinctura Saponis Camphorata ; 
the Camphorated Soap Liniment — Linimentum Sa- 
ponis Camphoratum, commonly called opodeldoc ; 
and the Camphor Liniment — Linimentum Cam- 
phor ai ; as an anodyne or stimulating embrocation, in 
rheumatic and neuralgic pains; in sprains, bruises, 

chilblains ; glandular ©nlarcjGmontc, Szc. 

DEADLY NIGHTSHADE.— BELLADONNA: 






What is this officinally? 

The leaves of the Atropa Belladonna, a perennial, 
herbaceous plant, indigenous in Europe. 

What are the physical and chemical properties of 
the leaves ? 

They are ovate, acute, entire, of a dull greenish 
color when dried, a feeble narcotic odor, and a sub- 
acrid, slightly nauseous taste. Its virtues are extracted 
by water and alcohol, and are said to depend on an 
alkaline principle called atropia. 

What are the effects of belladonna on the system ? 

In large doses, its effects are those of a powerful 
narcotic poison, such as dryness and constriction of the 
throat, thirst, ineffectual efforts to vomit, virtigo, deli- 
rium, usually of a mirthful character, coma, with ex- 



CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 125 

cessive dilation of the pupil, and sometimes convul- 
sions, followed by death. In medicinal doses, its 
action is that of anodyne and antispasmodic. 

How aie its poisonous effects best obviated ? 

The stomach should be speedily evacuated, either 
by stimulating emetics or the stomach-pump, and then 
the bowels, by active cathartics, while cold water is 
applied to the head ; and if coma be present, ammo- 
nia should be given, and external stimulation em- 
ployed. 

What are its therapeutical applications ? 

It has been used in a number of spasmodic and 
nervous affections, as hooping-cough in the advanced 
stages, neuralgia, hysteria, chorea, epilepsy, hydropho- 
bia, mania, paralysis, amaurosis, &c. It has been 
proposed and successfully used, it is said, as a prophy- 
lactic of scarlatina, in consequence of its having pro- 
duced, in some instances, a rash on the skin, resembling 
that disease. Applied externally, to the eye or neigh- 
boring parts, to dilate the pupil before the operation 
for cataract; to the rectum and urethra, in spasmodic 
and neuralgic affections of these and contiguous parts, 
and to the neck of the uterus, to hasten labor when 
protracted from rigidity of the os tincse. 

How is it used and what is the dose ? 

It is given in substance, infusion, or extract; the 
latter mostly used. Dose of the powder, j. grain ; of 
the infusion, made in the proportion of 9 j. to f § x. of 
water, f § j. to f § ij. The extract, which is the inspis- 
sated juice, is of veiy variable strength, in conse- 
quence of which, it is best to begin with small doses, 
a quarter or half a grain, and repeat it 2 or 3 times a 
day and gradually increase the quantity till some of 
its effects are experienced, as dryness of the mouth, 
stricture of the fauces, dilatation of the pupil, dimness 
of vision, giddiness or other unpleasant feelings in the 
head. To dilate the pupil a strong infusion of the 
leaves or extract is dropped into the eye, or a little of 
the extract is rubbed upon the eyelids. When used 
11* 






126 CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 

to facilitate labor, the extract is mixed with simple 
ointment, ( 5 ij. to §j.,) and applied to the os uteri; 
and in spasmodic constrictions of the rectum and 
urethra, sometimes applied smeared over a catheter. 
Often applied in the form of plaster, in local neuralgic 
and rheumatic pains. 

STRAMONIUM. 

What is this officinally? 

The leaves, Stramonii Folia, and the seeds, Stra- 
monii Semen, of the Datura Stramonium, Thorn- 
apple or Jamestown weed. 

What is the character of this plant, and where is it 
found ? 

It is an annual, herbaceous plant, from three to six 
feet high, found in various parts of the world, and 
growing in the U. States in rich soils about old settle- 
ments, and dung-heaps. 

What are the physical and chemical properties of 
the leaves and seeds ? 

The leaves emit, when bruised, a strong narcotic 
odor, which they lose by drying. Their taste is bitter 
and nauseous. The seeds are small, kidney-shaped, 
of a dark-brown, almost black color ; of a bitter, nau- 
seous, somewhat acrid taste, and without odor, unless 
when bruised. They are said to contain, as also the 
leaves, in a less degree, an alkaline principle called 
daturia, to which their virtues are ascribed. These 
are imparted to water and alcohol. 

What are the effects of stramonium on the system, 
and its remedial applications ? 

It is a powerful narcotic; producing, in excessive 
doses, poisonous effects nearly similar to those of bel- 
ladonna. In medicinal doses, it resembles hyoscya- 
mus in its action, and is given for the same purposes. 
It is frequently used in spasmodic asthma, during the 
paroxysm, by smoking the dried leaves or bruised root, 
in the same way as tobacco. In the form of an oint- 



CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 127 

ment, (Unguentum Straoionii,) it is used as an ano- 
dyne application to irritable ulcers, painful hemorr- 
hoids, &c. 

What is the dose ? 

Dose of the powdered leaves, 2 or 3 grains ; of the 
extract, or inspissated juice of the leaves, (Extractum 
Stramonii Foliorum,) 1 grain ; of the seeds, gr.j. ; of 
the extract prepared from the seeds, (Extractum Stra- 
monii Seminis,) gr. J; of the tincture, v\x. to "nixx. ; 
the dose of each to be gradually increased till some 
effect is produced. 

BITTERSWEET.— DULCAMARA. 

What is this ? 

The stems and twigs of the Solanum Dulcamara, 
or xcoody nightshade, a climbing shrub, indigenous in 
Europe and North America, growing in damp thickets 
and hedges. 

What are the physical properties of the dried twigs 
as met with in the shops ? 

They are of various lengths, about the thickness of 
a goose-quill, consisting of a thin, wrinkled, grayish- 
ash colored bark, an interior light woody portion, and 
a central pith. They are inodorous, though of a faint 
nauseous smell when fresh. Their taste is at first bit- 
ter, afterwards sweetish ; hence the name bittersweet. 

What are its relations to water and alcohol ? 

They extract its active properties, which are sup- 
posed to depend partly upon a peculiar alkaline prin- 
ciple called solania. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

It possesses feeble narcotic, diaphoretic and diuretic 
properties. Its principal use is in the treatment of 
cutaneous eruptions, as lepra, psoriasis, and ptyriasis. 

How is it given, and what is the dose? 

Usually given in the form of the officinal decoction. 
Dose, f i ij., 3 or 4 times a day. 



128 CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 

HEMLOCK.— CONIUM. 

"What is officinal hemlock? 

The leaves, Conii Folia, and seeds, Conii Semen 7 
of the Conium rnaculatum, a biennial, umbelliferous 
plant, indigenous in Europe, and naturalized in this 
country. 

What is the mode of collecting and preserving hem- 
lock, and what are its physical properties? 

The leaves should be collected in June or July, 
when the plant is in full flower, dried in the sun or 
with a very gentle artificial heat, and kept in well- 
stopped opaque bottles or jars, so as to exclude the 
air and light, by exposure to which, their medicinal 
virtues are impaired. The seeds, which are collected 
w T hen fully ripe, are more active than the leaves, and 
retain their medicinal powers much longer. The 
fresh leaves, as well as the whole plant, exhales a fetid 
odor, compared to that of mice or the urine of cats, 
which is diminished by drying. Their color, when 
dried, is dark green, which is retained in the powder, 
and their taste nauseous and bitter. The seeds have 
less odor, and a bitter, somewhat acrid taste. 

What are the relations of hemlock to water, alcohol 
and ether ? 

Its active principle, a peculiar, volatile, alkaline, 
oily substance, called conia, is partially extracted by 
water, and entirely so by alcohol and ether. 

What are its medicinal actions and uses ? 

In relation to its action, there is great discordancy 
of opinion ; some consider it narcotic, with no very 
marked excitant influence : while others ascribe to it 
the properties of an anodyne and direct sedative. It 
has been used in rheumatic and neuralgic affections, 
and in various pectoral diseases, as pertussis, asthma, 
chronic catarrh, and consumption, to alleviate pain 
and allay nervous excitement. Externally, it has 
been employed in the form of cataplasm or ointment, 



CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. 129 

as a palliative, in cancerous and painful ulcerations, 
and to tender glandular enlargements. 

How is it administered and what is the dose ? 

Usually given in the form of powdered leaves and 
extract, or inspissated juice, (Extractum Conii.) Dose 
of the former, 3 or 4 grains ; of the extract, 3 grains, 
repeated 2 or 3 times a day, and gradually increased 
till some effect is produced. 

What are the evidences of its action on the system, 
and what are its poisonous effects ? 

The evidences of its full action are, vertigo, dim- 
ness of vision, nausea, faintness, and general muscular 
debility. Its poisonous effects are said to be very 
similar to asphyxia produced by any other cause, as 
slight convulsive tremors and twitches, general paral- 
ysis of the muscles, and consequent stoppage of breath- 
ing. 

What caution is necessary to be observed in the use 
of different parcels of this medicine? 

Its very variable strength renders it important, 
that when very lar^e quantities have been given, the 
same parcel should be continued ; or, if a different 
specimen be employed, the commencing doses should 
be small. 



VI. ARTERIAL SEDATIVES. 

What are sedatives ? 

Sedative medicines are those which directly and 
primarily reduce the vital actions. Sometimes termed 
contra- stimulants , their action being the reverse of 
stimulants. 

What is Professor Wood's division of sedatives ? 

He divides them into arterial and nervous ; the 
former acting more especially on the circulatory sys- 
tem, reducing the action of the heart and arteries, in 
which way he conceives Refrigerants also to act, and 
hence considers them under the same head. 

What conditions of the system indicate their use? 

They are called for in most cases of preternatural 
vascular excitement, as in fevers, especially those of 
an inflammatory character. 

What substances are embraced in this class? 

Some of the preparations of antimony, as tar&ate 
of antimony and potassa, the precipitated sulphuret, 
and the antimonial powder; nitrate of potassa; the 
vegetable acids, &c. 

TARTRATE OF ANTIMONY AND POTASSA— ANTIMO- 
Nil ET POTASS^ TARTRAS. 

By what other name is this preparation called ? 

Commonly called Tartar Emetic, sometimes Tar- 
tarized antimony. 

How is it prepared ? 

The following are the directions of the U. S. P. for 
its preparation : Take of Sulphuret of Antimony , in 
fine powder, § iv. ; Muriatic Acid, § xxv. : Nitric 
Acid. 3 ij. ; Water, a gallon. Mix the acids together 
in a glass vessel, add by degrees the sulp. ant. and 
digest the mixture with a gradually increasing heat, 
till effervescence ceases ; then boil for an hour. Filter 
the liquor after cooling, and pour it into the water. 



ARTERIAL SEDATIVES. 131 

Wash the powder which precipitates, with water, till 
it is entirely freed from acid, and then dry it. Take 
of this powder, § ij. ; Bitartrate of Potassa, in very 
fine powder, § iiss. ; Distilled ivater, f § xviij. Boil 
the water in a glass vessel; then add the powders 
previously mixed together, and boil for an hour; 
lastly, filter the liquor while hot, and set it aside to 
crystalize. 

What are its physical and chemical properties ? 

Tartar emetic crystalizes in transparent, colorless 
octohedrons, with a rhombic base. It is inodorous, 
but has a styptic, nauseous taste. As met with in the 
shops, it is usually in the form of powder, which when 
pure, is perfectly white. It is a double salt, consisting 
of two eq. of tartaric acid, one of potassa, one of ses- 
quioxide of antimony, and two of water. By expo- 
sure to the air, the crystals lose their water of crystal- 
ization, and become white and opaque. It is soluble 
in 14 times its weight of cold water, and in less than 
twice its weight of boiling water; insoluble in alcohol. 
Its aqueous solution spoils by keeping. 

What is the most common adulteration, and how 
may it be detected ? 

In the crystaline state, it is seldom adulterated, and 
in this form should always be preferred, it being one 
of the best evidences of its purity. The powder is 
frequently adulterated with cream of tartar, which 
may be detected by adding a few drops of a solution 
of carbonate of soda to a boiling solution of tartar 
emetic, a precipitate will be produced, which will be 
immediately re-dissolved, if cream of tartar be present. 

With what substances is it chemically incompatible? 

With most of the acids; the alkalies and their car- 
bonates; some of the metals and their oxides; lime- 
water; chloride of calcium ; the earths; the acetate 
and subacetate of lead ; corrosive sublimate, and the 
decoctions and infusions of most of the bitter and 
astringent vegetables, as those of cinchona, rhubarb, 
galls, catechu, &c. 



132 ARTERIAL SEDATIVES. 

What are the therapeutical effects of tartar emetic? 

Its general action is that of an arterial sedative, 
while it excites at the same time, most of the secre- 
tions. By varying the close, and the circumstances 
under which it is given, it may be made to act various- 
ly, as an alterative, sedative, diaphoretic, diuretic, ex- 
pectorant, purgative, or emetic. Applied to the skin, 
it produces a painful pustular eruption, and to the sur- 
face denuded of the cuticle, it acts as a caustic. 

In what diseases and doses is it used as an alterative 
and sedative ? 

As an alterative, it is used in chronic cutaneous and 
chronic pulmonary affections, in the dose of gr. T V, or 
gr. -|-, dissolved in a large proportion of water, and re- 
peated, so that from gr. ^ to gr. J may be taken daily. 
As a sedative, it is employed in active hemorrhages, 
and in various febrile and inflammatory diseases, par- 
ticularly those of the chest. Dose as a sedative, from 
gr. T V to gr. | ; but in acute rheumatism, pneumonia, 
and pleuritis, it has been given in much larger doses, 
even in the enormous quantity of 10 or 20 grains, in 
divided doses during the day. By commencing with 
half grain doses, dissolved in a small quantity of water, 
and restricting the patient in the use of drinks, a tol- 
erance of its action is said to be soon acquired, so that 
1 or 2 giains may be given at a dose, every hour or 
two, without producing either vomiting or purging. 
This practice, however, is thought to be hazardous. 

What are its external uses and modes of application? 

It is used as a counter-irritant, in deep-seated pains; 
in hooping-cough ; in chronic inflammation of the 
thoracic viscera, and other internal parts. Applied 
generally in the form of ointment, made in the pro- 
portion of 5 j. or 5 ij. to §j. of lard, a small portion 
of which is rubbed on the sound skin 2 or 3 times a 
day till pustules appear, which usually occur in the 
course of a few days. 

What conditions of the stomach contra-indicate its 
use? 



ARTERIAL SEDATIVES. 133 

Great irritation or inflammation of that viscus. 

What are its poisonous effects, and how are they best 
treated ? 

Its poisonous effects bear considerable resemblance 
to malignant cholera ; they are, an austere, metallic 
taste, nausea, vomiting and purging, burning pain in 
the bowels, cramp in the legs, great prostration, &c. 
After free vomiting, which should be encouraged, if 
necessary, by tickling the throat with a feather, and 
by the use of warm water, Peruvian bark should be 
given in large quantities, to decompose it; or if this 
cannot be had, a decoction of common tea may be 
substituted. 

Antimonial Wine. — Vinum Antimonii. What is 
the proportion of tartar emetic in this preparation ? 

Each ounce of the wine contains two grains. 

What wines are preferable in its formation ? 

Good Teneriffe or Sherry. The inferior wines con- 
tain principles which precipitate the tartar emetic. 

What are the advantages of this preparation ? 

It affords the means of administering tartar emetic 
in minute doses, and has the advantage over the aque- 
ous solution of keeping well. 

Precipitated Sulphur et of Antimony. — Antim,onii 
Sulphuretum PrcBcipitatum. How is this prepared ? 

By mixing prepared sulphuret of antimony, solu- 
tion of potassa, and distilled water, and boiling them 
for three hours; constantly stirring and occasionally 
adding distilled water, so as to preserve the same 
measure; straining the liquor and dropping into it, 
while yet hot, diluted sulphuric acid, so long as it 
causes a precipitate. This is washed with hot water, 
to remove the sulphate of potassa, and the precipitated 
sulphuret is then dried and rubbed into a fine powder. 

How is Kennes mineral and golden sulphur of 
antimony prepared ? 

The former is prepared by treating the sesquisulphu- 
ret of antimony with a boiling solution of the caustic 
or carbonated alkalies, which deposits a reddish-brown 
12 



134 ARTERIAL SEDATIVES. 

powder — Kermes mineral — on cooling. The golden 
sulphur is formed by adding an acid to the mother 
liquor of the kermes. 

How do these differ, chemically, from the precipita- 
ted sulphuret ? 

The latter is considered to be a mixture of sesqui- 
sulphuret, sesquioxide, and free sulphur; differing from 
the golden sulphur, merely, in containing less free sul- 
phur. Kermes mineral, prepared with the caustic 
alkalies, is a hydrated sesquisulphuret of antimony. 

What are the physical properties of the precipitated 
sulphuret ? 

It is a bright orange colored, insoluble powder, with- 
out odor, and of a slightly styptic taste. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

It is diaphoretic or emetic, according to the dose. 
It is, however, an uncertain remedy. Sometimes 
given in combination with calomel and guaiac, in the 
form of Plummets pills, as an alterative, in seconda- 
ry syphilis and cutaneous eruptions. 

What is the dose? 

As an alterative, 1 or 2 grains; as an emetic, from 
5 to 20 grains. 

Antimonial Powder. — Pulvis AntimoniaUs. What 
is this an imitation of, and what is the Lond. formula 
for its preparation ? 

It is intended as a substitute for James" powder ', a 
celebrated empirical preparation. Preparation : Take 
of sesquisulphuret of antimony, in powder, 1 part; 
horn shaving, 2 parts ; mix and throw them into a 
red-hot crucible, and stir constantly until vapor ceases 
to arise. Rub the residue to powder; and in a proper 
crucible, expose it for two hours to a heat gradually 
increased to redness. Lastly, reduce to a fine powder. 

What are its physical and chemical properties ? 

It is of a dull white color, without odor oi taste, and 
is insoluble in water. It is said to consist of phos- 
phate of lime, mixed with antimony, in an uncertain 
state of oxidation. 



ARTERIAL SEDATIVES. 135 

What are its therapeutical effects? 

It is alterative, diaphoretic, purgative, or emetic, ac- 
cording to the dose. But these effects can be much 
more certainly and safely produced by tartar emetic, 
which is generally preferred to it. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 

Dose, as a diaphoretic, from 3 to 8 grains ; given 
in pill. 

What are the saline refrigerants ? 

Most of the neutral salts possess, among other pro- 
perties, those of a refrigerant or sedative ; but the one 
which is considered most eminently sedative, is 

NITRATE OF POTASSA.— POTASS.E NITRAS. 

What are the synonyma? 

Nitre and Saltpetre. 

What are the sources of nitre ? 

It is of both natural and artificial origin. In some 
of the United States, as Kentucky, Tennessee, Vir- 
ginia, &c, it occurs naturally, for the most part in 
caverns, associated with nitrate of lime. In the East 
Indies, from whence commerce is chiefly supplied, it 
is found, in some districts, crystalized, on the surface 
of the soil, which is lixiviated and the lixivium evapo- 
rated till crystals form. 

How are artificial nitre-beds made ? 

They are formed by mixing ashes and calcareous 
earth with vegetable and animal remains. These 
materials are placed in heaps under open sheds, so as 
to shelter them from the rain, and yet allow the free 
access of air, and are frequently stirred and sprinkled 
with urine, as a substance containing a large quantity 
of nitrogen, which, in the course of a few years, is 
converted into nitric acid, and this, by combining with 
the potassa in the vegetable remains, forms nitre. 

In what state is nitre brought into market? 

In an impure state, called in commerce, crude salt- 
petre, and requires to be purified for medicinal and 
most artificial purposes. 



136 



ARTERIAL SEDATIVES. 



How is its purification effected? 

It is purified from common salt, the most usual im- 
purity, by taking advautage of the greater solubility 
of nitre in hot water. 

What are the physical and chemical properties of 
the refined salt ? 

It is a colorless salt, crystalized generally in long, 
striated, semi-transparent, six-sided prisms, with dihe- 
dral summits; is inodorous, but has a cooling, saline, 
slightly bitter taste. It dissolves in about four times 
its weight of cold, and half its weight of boiling water ; 
insoluble in absolute alcohol. It is composed of 1 eq. 
of nitric acid, and 1 eq. of potassa, and though de- 
void of water of crystalization, the crystals are 
never free from water mechanically lodged within 
them. At a heat below redness it undergoes the igne- 
ous fusion, and if poured into moulds constitutes sal 
prunelle. It is decomposed by a red heat. 

What are its medical properties and therapeutical 
application, as a refrigerant? 

It is refrigerant, diuretic, diaphoretic, and in large 
doses, purgative. As a sedative refrigerant, it is used 
in active hemorrhages, particularly haemoptysis, and 
in febrile and inflammatory affections, when the in- 
flammation is not seated in the gastro-intestinal mucous 
membrane, the kidneys nor bladder. Combined with 
tartar emetic and calomel, in the form of nitrous 
powder, it is frequently given to promote the secretions 
of the liver and skin, and to reduce febrile excite- 
ment. Externally, it is employed as an ingredient in 
gargles in inflammatory sore throat, and in the form 
of sal prunelle, as an application to chapped lips. 

For what salt is it sometimes taken, through mis- 
take, and what are the consequences ? 

Sometimes taken, in half ounce or ounce doses, for 
sulphate of soda, (Glauber's salts,) when it pioduces 
violent pain in the stomach, vomiting and purging of 
blood, great prostration, &c. 

How are its poisonous effects best treated ? 



ARTERIAL SEDATIVES. 137 

By the use of mucilaginous and demulcent drinks; 
laudanum to allay pain and irritation, and cordials to 
support the system. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 

Dose, from 5 to 15 grains; given in solution, and 
repeated every 3 or 4 hours. 

What are the proportions of the constituents of the 
nitrous powder 9 

Eight or ten grains of nitre, the J- of a grain of tar- 
tar emetic, and a J or \ a grain of calomel. 

VEGETABLE ACIDS. 

Which of these are mostly used as refrigerants ? 

The citric and acetic ; the former generally pre- 
ferred. 

What fruits contain citric acid ? 

It exists in limes, lemons, sour oranges, tama- 
rinds, &c. 

In what form is this acid generally employed? 

In the form of lemon-juice ; though the citric acid, 
in solution, is sometimes substituted. 

What are the most effectual modes of preserving 
lemon-juice? 

One method consists in adding to the juice, express- 
ed and strained, a tenth part of spirit of wine, filtering 
and preserving in well stopped bottles. Another is to 
allow the expressed juice to stand for a short time, till 
a coagulable matter separates, then filter and put it 
into glass bottles, with sufficient almond or other sweet 
oil to cover its surface. 

What is the mode of preparing citric acid ? 

Carbonate of lime or chalk is added to lime or 
lemon-juice, which precipitates the citric acid in the 
form of citrate of lime. This is repeatedly washed 
with water, and decomposed by sulphuric acid. An 
insoluble sulphate of lime is formed, and the citric 
acid remains separated, in the supernatant liquor, 
which is concentrated with a gentle heat, and then 
12* 



138 ARTERIAL SEDATIVES. 

allowed to cool and crystalize. To obtain the crystals 
entirely pure, they require to be re-dissolved and ie- 
crystalized for several times. 

What is the color and shape of the crystals ? 

They are transparent, colorless, rhomboidal prisms, 
with dihedral summits. 

How is a good substitute for lemon-juice prepared 
with citric acid ? 

By dissolving § j. of the acid in Oj. of water, and 
flavoring the solution with a few drops of oil of 
lemons. 

What are the proportions for forming lemonade ? 

One scruple of the acid to a pint of water, to which 
a little oil of lemons may be added, as before, and the 
solution sweetened with sugar, to the taste. 

What is the most common adulteration of citric 
acid, and how detected? 

Tartaric acid. This may be detected, in solution, 
by the addition of carbonate of potassa, which will 
form with it a crystal ine precipitate of bitartrate of 
potassa, (cream of tartar.) 

What are the medicinal uses of citric acid ? 

It is much used in the aforesaid forms, as a refriger- 
ant drink, in febrile and inflammatory complaints ; 
but one of its most important uses is in the preven- 
tion and cure of scurvy, for which it is almost a 
specific. 



VII. NERVOUS SEDATIVES. 

What are these defined to be ? 

" Medicines which, in their primary operation, re- 
duce at the same time, the nervous power and the 
force of the circulation." They act directly on the 
nervous system, and are closely allied, in their effects, 
to narcotics, with which they are frequently con- 
founded. 

What are their general therapeutical applications ? 

They are applicable to cases of over excitement of 
the nervous and vascular systems. 

What substances are comprised in this class? 

Foxglove, tobacco, and hydrocyanic acid. 

FOXGLOVE.— DIGITALIS. 

What is this officinally ? 

The leaves of the Digitalis purpurea, a biennial, 
herbaceous plant, indigenous in Europe, and cultiva- 
ted in this country. 

Which are thought to be the most active, the wild 
or cultivated plants ? 

The wild ; of which, those growing in sunny ex- 
posures are preferable. 

What is the botanical character of the leaves ? 

They are large, ovate, lanceolate, obtusely serrated 
at their edges, with wrinkled, downy surfaces; the 
upper being of a deep green color, the under paler 
and more downy. 

What is the mode of preparing them for market? 

They are gathered in June and July, just before 
the plant comes into flower, and the leaf-stalk and 
mid-rib being iemoved,are then carefully dried, either 
in the sunshine or with a gentle stove heat. 

What are the physical properties of the dried leaves? 

When prepared as above and preserved in tin canis- 
ters, so as to exclude light and moisture, they are of a 



140 NERVOUS SEDATIVES. 

dull green color, affording a fine deep green powder ; 
of a faint odor, and of a bitter, nauseous taste. Digi- 
talis is often met with in compressed masses, as pre- 
pared by the Shakers, in which state it is frequently 
mouldy, and of inferior quality. 

What are its relations to water and alcohol ? 

It imparts its virtues to these menstrua. 

What are its therapeutical effects? 

They are those of a narcotic, sedative and diuretic. 
AN hen its use has been continued for sometime, its 
sedative action is manifested by the diminished force 
and frequency of t lie pulse, which is reduced to 50, 
40, or even 30 strokes in the minute. In laige doses, 
and even in small doses, too long continued, it acts as 
a narcotico-acrid poison, producing giddiness, great de- 
bility, with a slow, feeble and intermittent pulse, cold 
sweats, stupor, and sometimes death, immediately pre- 
ceded by coma and convulsions. 

What peculiarity of digitalis renders great caution 
necessary in its administration ? 

Its tendency to act with accumulated force ; which 
makes it prudent, that after it has been given for 
sometime, even without effect, its use should be sus- 
pended for a short time; and this is particularly neces- 
sary, after its constitutional effects are experienced. 

How are its poisonous effects best counteracted ? 

By clearing the stomach of all the poison it may 
contain, and by the subsequent employment of stim- 
ulants, both internally and externally. 

What are its practical applications as a sedative ? 

Applicable to cases of vascular excitement; but 
where much inflammation is present, it can be relied 
on only as an adjuvant to the lancet and other anti- 
phlogistic measures. Used, either alone or conjoined 
with other agents, to repress the excited action of the 
heait, in hypertrophy of that organ ; in palpitations, 
aneurism, phthisis, active hemorrhages, &c. 

What are the forms of administration, and the close 
of each ? 



NERVOUS SEDATIVES. 141 

Given in substance, infusion and tincture; most 
effectual in substance. Dose of the powder, gr. j. ; 
of the officinal infusion, made in the proportion of 
3j. to Oss. of boiling water, with f § j. of the tinc- 
ture of cinnamon, f § ss. ; of the tincture, 10 drops ; 
each to be repeated 2 or 3 times daily, and gradually 
increased, under the piecautions before mentioned. 

TOBACCO— TABACUM. 

What is officinal tobacco ? 

The leaves of the Nicotiana Tabacum, an annual 
plant, cultivated in various parts of the world. 

What are the physical and chemical properties of 
the dried leaves ? 

They are of a yellowish-brown color, a strong, nar- 
cotic odor, and a bitter, nauseous, acrid taste. Their 
sensible and active properties are imparted to water 
and alcohol, but are destroyed by long boiling. Its 
most active constituent is a peculiar, liquid, colorless, 
volatile alkali, called nicotia, which has the odor of 
tobacco, and an acrid, burning taste, and is a virulent 
poison. It also consists of a concrete, volatile oil, 
called nicotianin — the chief odorous principle — and 
by destructive distillation affords an empyreumatic oil, 
of a dark-brown color, an acrid taste, and a peculiar 
odor, similar to that of tobacco pipes, which, when 
long used, contain this oil. It is a very active poison. 

What are the therapeutical properties and applica- 
tions of tobacco ? 

It possesses the properties of a sedative narcotic, an 
emetic, diuretic, sialagogue and errhine, and, under 
some circumstances, operates as a cathartic. In ex- 
cessive doses, it acts as a narcotico-acrid poison, pro- 
ducing distressing nausea and retching, faintness, great 
prostration and vascular relaxation, a feeble, fluttering 
pulse, coldness, convulsions and death. It is chiefly 
used in the form of enema, to relax the muscular 
fibres : thus it is employed in strangulated hernia ; in 



142 NERVOUS SEDATIVES. 

obstinate constipation, from spasm of the bowels ; in 
retention of urine, from spasmodic stricture of the 
urethra or neck of the bladder; in colic, tetanus, &c. 
Sometimes applied to the throat, in the form of a cat- 
aplasm or cerate, made with snuff, or smoked in the 
usual way, in spasmodic croup and asthma. It is also 
used externally, in the form of an ointment, in some 
chronic cutaneous diseases, as tinea capitis, &c. ; its 
use is dangerous, however, and requires caution. 

What is the proper treatment in cases of poisoning 
from it ? 

The poison should be immediately evacuated, either 
by emetics or enemata, according as it has been taken 
by the mouth or rectum, and internal and external 
stimulation assiduously practiced. 

Why is moie danger to be apprehended from its 
poisonous action, when taken by the rectum, than by 
the mouth ? 

Because it is more apt to be rejected in the latter 
case. 

W r hat is the strength of the officinal infusion, and 
the dose as an enema ? 

Made with 5j. to Oj. of boiling water ; half of 
which may be injected at once, and the remainder in 
course of half an hour, if necessary. 

HYDROCYANIC ACID— ACIDUM HYDROCYANICUM. 

In what plants is this found ? 

Hydrocyanic or prussic acid exists in, or is formed, 
by the re-action of water upon amygdalin, a peculiar 
principle found in the cherry laurel, wild cherry bark, 
the kernels of bitter almonds, peach, fyc. 

How is it obtained from these plants ? 

By distillation with water, when it comes over along 
with a peculiar volatile oil. 

What is the character of cherry laurel water as a 
remedy ? 

The proportion of hydrocyanic acid — its active in- 



NERVOUS SEDATIVES. 143 

gredient — is very variable, and consequently, it is an 
uncertain and unsafe preparation. 

What is the advantage of the essential or volatile 
oil of bitter almonds, as a substitute for the medicinal 
hydrocyanic acid? 

It is said to be less liable to decomposition ; keep- 
ing for several years, in well stopped bottles. 

In what state is hydrocyanic acid used in medicine? 

In a diluted state, and never in a concentrated form. 

How is officinal hydrocyanic acid prepared, and 
what is its strength ? 

It is obtained by distillation, from a mixture of sul- 
phuric acid, ferrocyanuret of potassium, and distilled 
water; and to the acid product, sufficient distilled 
water is afterwards added to bring it to a proper state 
of dilution, when, according to the U. S. P., it con- 
tains 1.6 per cent, of the anhydrous acid. It is some- 
times prepared for immediate use, by the action of 
dilute muriatic acid on cyanuret of silver. By the 
double decomposition that ensues, hydrocyanic acid 
and chloride of silver are formed ; the former remains 
dissolved in the water, and the latter subsides. The 
clear liquor is then poured off for use. 

What are the sensible properties of the medicinal 
acid ? 

It is a transparent, colorless liquid, with a taste at 
first cooling, afterwards warm and bitter, and an odor 
stated to resemble that of the oil of bitter almonds. 

What is the effect of exposure, and the best mode 
of keeping it? 

It is decomposed b}- exposure to light, and should 
be preserved in well stopped opaque bottles. 

What are its therapeutical properties and uses ? 

Prussic acid is the most powerful poison known, 
destroying life, sometimes, almost instantaneously. 
When not immediately fatal, the symptoms produced 
by it are, convulsions, difficult and spasmodic breath- 
ing, and insensibility, followed by death in a few 
minutes. In medicinal doses, it acts as a sedative, 



144 NERVOUS SEDATIVES. 

and as such, has been used to allay irritation, relieve 
pain, and relax spasm. Thus, it has been employed 
in gastrodynia and enterodynia ; in chronic vomiting, 
colica pictonum; and in various pulmonary affections, 
as hooping-cough, chronic catarrh, phthisis, spasmodic 
asthma, (fee. 

How are its poisonous effects most successfully com- 
batted ? 

If the person be seen immediately after the inges- 
tion of the poison, he should be made to inhale chlo- 
rine or ammoniacal gas, diluted with atmospheric air, 
or a solution of either of these gases in water, should 
be administered in small, but frequently repeated 
doses; but if some time has elapsed, and insensibility 
be present, powerful external stimulants, with cold 
affusion and artificial respiration should be employed. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 

Dose of the medicinal acid, 1 or 2 drops, every 2 
or 3 hours, to be gradually increased, and its effects 
carefully watched. Best given in distilled water, to 
which simple syrup may be added. Dose of the oil 
of bitter almonds, ^ of a drop to begin with ; given 
in emulsion, with gum arabic, sugar and water. 

What substance has been recommended as a good 
substitute for medicinal hydrocyanic acid, and why ? 

Cyanuret of Potassium, which is of uniform 
strength, and less liable to undergo decomposition, 
when carefully kept. 

How is it prepared ? 

By exposing ferrocyanuret of potassium, which is 
a double cyanuret of potassium and iron, to a red heat, 
until nitrogen gas ceases to be disengaged ; treating 
the calcined product, after cooling, with distilled water, 
and evaporating to dryness. The heat decomposes 
the cyanuret of iron, converting it into quadricarburet 
of iron, without affecting the cyanuret of potassium ; 
this alone is dissolved by the water, and obtained 
upon evaporation. 

What are its properties ? 



EMETICS. 145 

It is whitish, inodorous, when quite dry, and has an 
acrid alkaline somewhat bitter taste. On exposure, it 
deliquesces, absorbs carbonic acid, and is converted 
into carbonate of potassa with the evolation of hydro- 
cyanic acid. It is insoluble in strong alcohol, very 
soluble in water, and is converted, by solution, into 
the hydroajanate of potassa. This is decomposed by 
all the acids with the liberation of the hydrocyanic. 

What is the dose, and best mode of administration ? 

Dose, \ of a grain, given in solution with some 
vegetable acid, as vinegar or lemon-juice, to set free 
the prussic acid. 



VIII. EMETICS. 

How may these be defined? 

Substances which excite vomiting in certain doses 
as an ordinary result, and that, too, independent of the 
stimulus, of mere bulk, or of any nauseous taste or 
flavor. 

What are the phenomena that usually attend their 
operation ? 

In the course of 10 or 20 minutes after an emetic 
has been taken, a disagreeable sensation termed 
nausea, is experienced, accompanied with symptoms 
of depression ; as paleness, a cold and moist skin, a 
feeble, frequent pulse, and muscular relaxation. These 
symptoms increase till vomiting ensues, when they 
are followed by those of excited action ; as a full, 
vigorous pulse, and a warm and florid skin, especially 
that of the neck and face : the symptoms, however, 
which mark these two distinct stages, vary much in 
intensity and duration, according to the nature of the 
emetic employed ; thus the sulphates of zinc and cop- 
per, act veiy speedily without producing much nausea, 
while tartar emetic, tobacco and some others, operate 
more slowly, and produce great nausea and depression ; 
13 



146 EMETICS. 

facts of great practical importance to be borne in mind 
in selecting an emetic. 

What are the physiological agencies concerned in 
the production of vomiting ? 

The first impression of an emetic, is usually made 
upon the stomach, and through the medium of the 
cerebo-nervous system, the diaphragm and abdominal 
muscles are excited to action, and by their contraction, 
together with the contraction of the stomach, the con- 
tents of the latter are expelled. The necessity of cere- 
bral influence, is evidenced by the difficulty of produ- 
cing emesis when the energies of the brain have been 
weakened or suspended by profound intoxication or 
contusions of the head. 

How do emetics differ in their modus operandi? 

Some, as tartrate of antimony and potassa, are said 
to exert their influence indirectly upon the stomach, 
and to act specifically ', that is, they excite vomiting, 
when applied to the skin, injected into the rectum or 
into the veins, as well as when taken into the stomach ; 
while others, as mustard, act directly and topically, 
producing emesis only when swallowed. 

What are the therapeutical indications that emetics 
are capable of fulfilling? 

They may do good in diseases, 1. by evacuating the 
stomach ; 2. by the sedation or muscular relaxation 
that accompanies their nauseating effects; 3. by pro- 
moting absorption or secretion ; 4. by powerfully agi- 
tating the system or particular parts of it ; and 5. by 
revulsion to the stomach. 

What circumstances contra-indicate their use ? 

Acute inflammation of the stomach, bowels or 
neighboring parts ; strong determination of blood to 
the brain ; some organic diseases of the heart and 
arteries, as aneurism ; pregnancy, in the advanced 
stages; and hernia and prolapsus uteri, require their 
avoidance or cautious employment. 

How are emetics usually administered ? 

Diffused in water, and when the object is merely 



EMETICS. 147 

to evacuate the stomach, warm fluids, as warm water 
or chamomile tea, should be freely given, but these 
should not be allowed, however, where a poison has 
been taken, which acts only by solution, and in cases 
where it is desired to make a powerful impression on 
the system, with much nausea and retching. 

How is excessive vomiting most effectually checked? 

By the use of warm demulcent drinks; carbonic 
acid, as contained in soda water, or given off by soda 
powders, opiates, a spiced plaster or sinapism over the 
epigastrium, and if these should fail, by an enema 
composed of 60 drops of laudanum, with f §ij. of a 
solution of starch. 

1. Vegetable Emetics. 

What are the principle vegetable emetics? 
Ipecacuanha, gillenia and Indian tobacco. 

IPECACUANHA. 

What is this? 

The root of the Cephcelis Ipecacuanha, a small 
shrubby plant growing in Brazil. 

What are the physical properties of the root as im- 
ported ? 

It comes in pieces from 3 to 6 inches long, about 
the thickness of a goose quill, contorted, and present- 
ing many circular depressions or grooves, which give it 
an annulated or ringed appearance. It consists of an 
exterior cortical portion, and a white ligneous centre. 
The former constitutes about f of good ipecacuanha, 
is hard, semi-transparent, breaks with a resinous frac- 
ture, and possesses the active properties of the root in 
a much higher degree than the latter. The color of 
the external surface varies from browish. reddish-brown, 
reddish-gray to gray, and hence the distinction into 
brown, red and gray ipecacuanha, all of which, how- 
ever, are said to have been derived from the same 



148 EMETICS. 

plant, and to be essentially the same in chemical and 
medical properties. The cortical portion is easily pul- 
verized, and affords a grayish, fawn colored powder, 
which has a faint nauseous odor, exciting violent 
sneezing in some persons, in others, dyspnoea and a 
bitter, acrid, nauseous taste. 

What are its relations to water and alcohol ? 

They extract its virtues, which are injured by decoc- 
tion. 

What is its active ingredient? 

A peculiar alkaline principle called emetia. 

What are the incompatibles? 

The salts of lead and of mercury, and astringent 
vegetable infusions. 

What are the medical properties of ipecacuanha, 
and its therapeutical applications as an emetic ? 

In large doses, it is emetic, and sometimes cathartic, 
when the quantity is insufficient to vomit; in smaller 
doses, diaphoretic and expectorant; and in still 
smaller, stomachic. As an emetic, it is mild, but 
tolerably certain in its operation, and may be resorted 
to in all cases where the object is merely to evacuate 
the stomach, or a gentle impression only is desired. 
It is frequently associated with other more energetic 
emetics ; as with sulphate of zinc and of copper, in 
narcotic poisoning, the action of which it renders safer 
by ensuring their discharge. As a nauseant, it is given 
in asthma, hooping-cough, hemorrhages, &c. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 

Dose, as an emetic, 15 or 20 grains, suspended in 
water, and repeated at intervals of 20 or 30 minutes, 
if necessary; tepid drinks being taken the while to 
promote its action. Dose as a nauseant, 2 or 3 grains. 
Wine of Ipecacuanha. — Vinum Ipecacuanha. For 
what purposes is this commonly used ? 

As an expectorant and diaphoretic. As an emetic, 
it may be advantageously substituted for antimonial 
wine, in infantile cases, when the antimonial is dis- 
posed to produce griping and irritation of the bowels. 



EMETICS. 149 

What is the dose ? 

As an emetic, for an adult, f § j. ; for an infant, f 3 j. ; 
as a diaphoretic and expectorant, 10 to 30 minims. 

GILLENIA. 

What is officinal gillenia ? 

The root of the Gillenia trifoliata, though that of 
the G. stipulacea possesses the same properties ; two 
indigenous, herbaceous, perennial plants, the former, 
growing in the Eastern and the latter in the Western 
States. 

By what other names is it known ? 

It is frequently called Indian physic, sometimes, 
American ipecacuanha. 

What are the physical properties of the dried root? 

It is about the thickness of a small quill, wrinkled 
longitudinally, with a few transverse fissures, and pre- 
senting in the larger pieces, an undulated, somewhat 
knotty appearance. It is of a light brown color exter- 
nally, and consists of a thick brittle cortical portion, 
with a slender, whitish, ligneous central cord, which is 
comparatively inert, and should be rejected. The 
powder is of a light, brownish color, a feeble odor, 
and a bitter taste. 

What are its relations to water and alcohol ? 

It imparts its virtues to these menstrua. 

What are its medical properties and uses? 

It is a mild and efficient emetic, and like most other 
emetics, acts occasionally upon the bowels. Some- 
times used as a substitute for ipecacuanha, which it is 
thought to resemble in its operation. 

What is the dose? 

From 20 to 30 grains, repeated like ipecacuanha, 
till it vomits. 

INDIAN TOBACCO— LOBELIA. 

What species of lobelia is principally used ? 
Lobelia inflata. 
13* 



150 EMETICS. 

What is the character of this plant, and its place of 
growth ? 

It is an annual, herbaceous plant, with an erect an- 
gular, much branched, hairy stem, from 1 to 2 feet 
high, and with numerous pale-blue flowers, which 
appear from the latter part of July till frost. The 
fruit is an oval, striated, inflated capsule, containing 
in two cells numerous small brown seeds. It is indi- 
genous in the United States; growing on the road- 
sides and in neglected fields. 

What parts of the plant are used? 

The whole herb is officinal, but the root and infla- 
ted capsule, are said to be most active ; consequently, 
the plant should be collected in August or September, 
when the capsules are numerous. 

What are the sensible properties of dried lobelia ? 

It has a faint but disagreeable odor, and an acrid 
taste when chewed, resembling that of tobacco. The 
powder is of a greenish color. 

What are its relations to water and alcohol ? 

It yields its virtues to these solvents. 

What are its medical properties? 

It is emetic, and occasionally cathartic, and in small 
doses, diaphoretic and expectorant. It also possesses 
narcotic properties. 

What is its character and chief use as an emetic ? 

It is a very powerful emetic, operating with much 
nausea, and general relaxation ; and consequently, it 
is but little used except in cases of spasmodic asthma, 
in which it is often very useful. 

What are its poisonous effects? 

In large doses, it acts as a narcotico-acrid poison, 
producing effects nearly similar to those occasioned by 
tobacco. (See tobacco.) 

How is it given, and what is the dose ? 

Given in powder, infusion and tincture. Dose of 
the powder, from 5 to 20 grains, as an emetic ; 
repeated if necessary. The tincture is mostly em- 
ployed, the full dose of which for an adult, is f g ss., 



EMETICS. 151 

but in asthmatic cases, it is better administered in f 5 j. 
or f3ij.; dose repeated every 2 or 3 hours till it 
operates. 

What other vegetable substances possess emetic pro- 
perties, for which they have been employed? 

The roots of the Euphorbia Ipecacuanha and E. 
Corollata, two indigenous plants, are emetic in the 
dose of 10 or 15 grains; but they are not more cer- 
tain in their operation than ipecacuanha, and are 
much inferior to it in mildness, their operation being 
usually attended with considerable nausea, and follow- 
ed by brisk purging. 

Squill is emetic in the dose of 6 or 8 grains, but is 
seldom so employed. 

Tobacco is a very powerful emetic in the dose of 5 
or 6 grains, but the excessive nausea which it pro- 
duces, and its narcotic properties, render it unfit for 
internal use. 

Mustard, in the form of powder, and in the dose of 
a large tea-spoonful, sometimes acts as a stimulant 
emetic, and as such, is occasionally used in cases of 
great torpor of the stomach, resulting from narcotic 
poisons, &c. 

The root of the Sanguinaria Canadensis or blood 
root, an indigenous plant, also possesses emetic pro- 
perties. 

What are the physical and chemical properties of 
the dried root? 

It is in pieces from 1 to 3 inches long, and from £ 
to ^ in thickness ; flattened, much wrinkled and con- 
torted, of a reddish-brown color externally, and of a 
bright orange internally ; becoming of a dull brown 
by long exposure. It affords a brownish-red powder, 
which has a faint narcotic odor, and a bitter, very acrid 
taste. Its virtues are extracted by water and alcohol, 
and are ascribed to a peculiar alkaline principle, called 
Sanguinarina. 

What is the character of blood root as an emetic ? 



152 EMETICS. 

It is an acrid, stimulant emetic; not much used: 
it also possesses narcotic powers. 

What is the dose and mode of administration? 

Dose of the powder, from 10 to 20 grains, given in 
pill, but the form of tincture is usually preferred. 
Dose, f 5 iij. or f 3 iv. 

2. Mineral Emetics. 

What are the principal mineral emetics? 
Tartar emetic, sulphate of zinc and sulphate of 
copper. 

TARTAR EMETIC. 

What characterizes this salt as an emetic? 

Certainty, power and permanency of action. In 
the course of from 20 to 30 minutes after a full dose 
has been taken, vomiting usually ensues, which is fre- 
quently repeated and attended with much nausea, 
and general depression. 

What are its therapeutical applications as an emetic ? 

It is applicable in cases where the object is to eva- 
cuate the duodenum as well as the stomach, and 
where a sedative, revulsive, or relaxing effect is also 
indicated. Much used in the commencement of fe- 
brile and inflammatory affections, in jaundice, hoop- 
ing-cough and croup, in several nervous diseases, as 
mania, amaurosis, neuralgia, &c. ; and its relaxing 
effects are sometimes taken advantage of in reducing 
old dislocations. 

What is the dose and mode of administration? 

Medium dose, as an emetic, from 2 to 3 grains; but 
the usual and better plan, is to give 1 grain, dissolved 
in a table-spoonful of water every 15 or 20 minutes, 
until it vomits, the operation being aided by warm 
w*ater, or warm chamomile tea. Often combined 
with ipecacuanha, in the proportion of 1 grain of the 
tartrate, to 10 of ipecacuanha, and repeated as above, 



EMETICS. 153 

What is the dose of antimonial wine as an emetic ? 

Dose, for a child under five years old, from 20 to 60 
drops, repeated every 15 minutes, till it acts. Seldom 
given to adults as an emetic. 

SULPHATE OF ZINC. 

By what is this salt characterized as an emetic? 

By its promptness and the little nausea it produces. 

What is its chief use as an emetic ? 

Chiefly employed for the purpose of discharging 
poisons from the stomach. 

What is the dose and mode of administration? 

Dose, from 10 to 30 grains, dissolved in 3 or 4 
ounces of tepid water, and the whole taken at once. 

SULPHATE OF COPPER. 

What is the character and chief use of sulphate of 
copper as an emetic ? 

It resembles sulphate uf zinc in its ctctiuu, but is 

more piompt and powerful. Used in cases of nar- 
cotic poisoning. 

What is the dose? 

From 2 to 3 grains, under ordinary circumstances ; 
but in cases of insensibility of stomach from narcotic 
poisons, larger doses are required, from 5 to 15 grains. 

What is the danger of giving very large doses of 
sulphate of copper and of zinc in such cases? 

They are apt to act as irritant poisons if they do not 
speedily vomit, and thus produce an increase of mis- 
chief. Their administration rendered safer by com- 
bining them with ipecacuanha. 



IX. CATHARTICS. 

What are Cathartics ? 

Medicines which produce alvine evacuations. 

How do the individuals of this class differ in their 
operations ? 

Some act merely by exciting the muscular coat of 
the intestines to increased peristaltic motion, thus 
causing their contents to be more quickly and com- 
pletely expelled. Some stimulate the mucous fol- 
licles and exhalants, rendering the evacuations more 
liquid and copious; while others extend their stimu- 
lus to the neighboring viscera, producing an increased 
flow of the supplemtaiy intestinal secretions, as the 
bile and pancreatic juice. Cathartics, differ also, as to 
the part of the intestinal canal on which they act; the 
effects of some being chiefly confined to the small, of 
others, to the larg-e intestines, while many appear to 
stimulate the entire tube. This difference thought 
to be owing partly to difference in solubility, but chiefly, 
to the peculiar susceptibilities of different portions of 
the bowels. They differ, moreover, in the degree of 
their action; and hence, the division into 1. Laxa- 
tives, which operate mildly, merely producing loose- 
ness; 2. Purgatives, which operate with more ener- 
gy ; and 3. Drastics or Hydragogues, which act with 
still greater power, producing, in over doses, inflam- 
mation of the bowels ; characterized by vomiting and 
purging, with intense pain. 

What are the therapeutical applications of ca- 
thartics ? 

They are useful as simple evacuants, in constipa- 
tion, and various other affections, by removing offend- 
ing matters, whether taken by the mouth, or generated 
in the system. They act as depletives, by increasing 
the action of the intestinal exhalants, and thus become 
beneficial as antiphlogistics in febrile and inflammato- 



CATHARTICS. 155 

ry affections. In the same way, they diminish the 
amount of circulating fluid, and thereby promote ab- 
sorption ; thus proving useful in dropsies. By the 
gentle irritation which they occasion in the bowels, 
they are useful as revellents in various affections, and 
especially in those of the brain and nervous system. 

They require to be cautiously administered in in- 
flammations of the alimentary canal, in cases of ex- 
treme debility, and during menstruation and preg- 
nancy. 

What are some circumstances found to influence 
greatly the operation of cathartics ? 

By combination with each other, their operation is 
often greatly increased, and at the same time, rendered 
less irritating ; as in the case of the Compound 
Cathartic Pill. Explained, by the fact, of their dif- 
ferent tendencies and modes of operation. Their ope- 
ration accelerated by combining them with small doses 
of emetic medicines and with bitters. Saline cathar- 
tics, rendered more active by copious dilution with 
water ; as also, their solution, by impregnation with 
carbonic acid gas. 

The operation of cathartics, has been promoted, 
also, by venesection, in diseases with plethora, and in 
some cases of obstinate constipation, and when this 
depends upon spasm of the bowels, even by combina- 
tion with opiates. The griping tendency of cathartics, 
obviated or diminished, by the addition of aromatics, 
and the griping from senna and resinous cathartics, by 
combination with alkalies, or saline purgatives. Their 
nauseating effects lessened by aromatics also, and by 
carbonic acid water. 

Their operation most speedy, when taken on an 
empty stomach, and is increased by exercise, as also, 
by mild diluent drinks, as molasses and water, barley- 
water, gruel, &c. 

Their action retarded and diminished during sleep. 
Hence, when a prompt and energetic effect is desired, 
they should be given in the day time, on an empty 



156 CATHARTICS. 

stomach ; avoiding, if practicable, disturbing the quiet 
of the patient at night, by their operation. 

How may hypercatharsis be checked ? 

By laudanum, administered either by the mouth or 
the rectum. 

1. Vegetable Cathartics. 

Recite the vegetable cathartics ? 

Manna, prunes, purging cassia, castor oil, rhubarb, 
senna, extract of butternut, aloes, jalap, may-apple, 
scammony, black hellebore, colocynth, gamboge, 
elaterium and croton oil. 

MANNA. 

What is manna ? 

The concrete juice of the Fraxinus Ornus, and 
other species of Fraxinus; small trees growing in the 
south of Europe, chiefly in Sicily, and the south of 
Italy. 

How is the manna obtained ? 

The juice exudes spontaneously during the hot 
months, through fissures in the bark, but more abun- 
dantly through incisions made for the puipose, and 
concretes on the surface of the tree, or upon straw or 
chips, placed to receive it. 

How many varieties of manna are there? 

Three varieties ; flake manna , common manna and 
fat manna. 

To what are these varieties principally owing? 

To the character of the season, and the mode, and 
time of collection. 

What are its physical properties ? 

Flake manna, which is the purest, having been col- 
lected in the hottest and dryest weather of summer, is 
in irregularly shaped pieces, resembling stalactites, fre- 
quently concave on the surface, by which they adhered 
to the tree ; rough, porous, light and brittle, presenting, 



CATHARTICS. 157 

when broken, a crystaline or granular structure ; of a 
white or yellowish- white color, a faint odor, and a 
sweetish taste. Common manna or manna in sorts, 
which is collected in the fall, is not so completely con- 
creted, and is mixed with more impurities, from por- 
tions falling to the ground. It consists of small frag- 
ments, similar to flake manna, mixed with soft, viscid, 
brownish-yellow masses, which are identical with the 
fat or fatty manna, the most inferior variety, collected 
still later in the season, when the weather is cooler, 
and rains mote frequent. 

Whatrare the chemical properties of manna? 

Its most important and abundant ingredient, i3 a 
peculiar, saccharine principle, called mannite. This 
may be obtained separate, by boiling manna in alco- 
hol, and pouring off the spirit, from which, as it cools, 
the mannite is deposited in the form of white crystals; 
of a sweetish taste, but differing from sugar, in not 
being susceptible of the vinous fermentation. Manna 
is soluble in water and alcohol. It softens with the 
heat of the hand, melts at a higher temperature, and 
is inflammable. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

It is a gentle laxative ; peculiarly adapted to chil- 
dren and pregnant women. 

What is the close and mode of administration ? 

Dose, for an adult, §j. or % ij. ; for a child, from 
3j. to 5 iv. More frequently prescribed as an adjunct 
to other purgatives, as senna, rhubarb, magnesia, and 
the neutral salts. 

PRUNES — PRUNUM. 

What are these ? 

The dried fruit of the Prunus domestica or plum 
tree. 

What are their sensible and chemical properties ? 

They have a feeble odor, and a sweet, mucilaginous 
taste. They contain sugar, gum, and malic and pec- 
tic acids. Water extracts their virtues. 
14 



158 CATHARTICS. 

What are their medical properties and uses? 

They are mildly laxative and nutritious. Stewed, 
they are used as a laxative article of diet, in cases of 
costiveness. Sometimes added to cathartic infusions 
and decoctions, to conceal their taste, and assist in 
their operation. The pulp enters into the confection 
of senna. 

PURGING CASSIA— CASSIA FISTULA. 

What is this officinally? 

The fruit of the Cassia Fistula, a large, handsome 
tree, growing in the East and West Indies. 

What is the character of the fruit ? 

It consists of dark-brown, cylindrical pods, of a foot 
or more in length ; straight or slightly curved, and less 
than an inch in diameter. They have an external 
woody shell, marked with three longitudinal bands, 
two of which are near each other, and the third, on 
the opposite side. Internally, they are divided by 
thin, transverse plates, into numerous cells, each of 
which, contains an oval, shining seed, imbedded in a 
soft, black pulp. 

How is the pulp extracted from the pods, and what 
are its sensible properties? 

Extracted from the dried pods, by bruising and 
boiling them in water, and evaporating the decoction ; 
from the fresh pods, by a knife or spatula. The pulp 
is of a black, shining color, and has a slight odor, and 
a sweetish, mucilaginous taste. 

What are its medical properties and uses? 

In small doses, it is laxative ; in large ones, purga- 
tive ; but given as a purgative, it is apt to occasion 
nausea, flatulence and tormina. Sometimes given as 
a laxative, in habitual costiveness, and enters, as one 
of the laxative ingredients, into the confection of 
senna. 

What is the dose ? 

As a gentle laxative, 5J. or 3 ij. ; as a purgative, 
ij. or §ij. 



CATHARTICS. 159 

CASTOR OIL.— OLEUM RICINI. 

From what is castor oil derived ? 

From the seeds of the Ricinus communis or pal- 
ma Christi. 

What is the character of this plant, and the places 
of growth? 

In temperate latitudes, it is an annual, herbaceous 
plant, from 3 to 8 feet high; in warm climates, it at- 
tains the character of a tree, and the height of 30 or 
40 feet. The flowers appear in July, and the seeds 
ripen successively in August and September. These 
are oval, somewhat compressed, about the size of a 
small bean, with a smooth, shining surface, of a pale 
gray color, marbled with reddish-brown spots and 
stripes. The seed has a small tubercle at one end, 
and bears considerable resemblance to the tick ; 
whence the name Ricinus. They consist of a hard, 
brittle shell, enclosing a white, oily nucleus. The 
plant is a native of the East Indies and Northern 
Africa ; has been naturalized in the West Indies, and 
is cultivated in various parts of the world ; in the 
United States, most, largely in Illinois. 

How is the oil extracted from the seeds ? 

It is usually obtained by expression, either with, or 
without heat; that obtained without heat, is called 
cold drawn or cold pressed castor oil, and possesses 
the highest character. In the United States, the seeds 
are first subjected to a very gentle heat, to render the 
oil sufficiently liquid for easy expression, and then to 
compression in a powerful screw press. The oily 
liquid thus obtained, is boiled with a large quantity of 
water, and the impurities, as they rise upon the sur- 
face of the oil, is skimmed off; after which, the clear 
oil is removed, and carefully boiled a second time, 
with a small proportion of water, till aqueous vapor 
ceases to rise, the object of which is, to clarify the oil, 
and render it less irritating, by driving off the acrid 
volatile matter. In the East and West Indies, it is 



160 CATHARTICS. 

frequently extracted by decoction, and the oil skim- 
med off as it rises to the surface. 

What are the physical properties of the oil ? 

It is a thick, viscid liquid, colorless, or of a pale 
straw color, having a very faint odor, and a greasy, 
nauseous taste. It is lighter than water. 

How may adulterations be detected ? 

The adulteration of castor oil with other fixed oils, 
a fraud rarely practiced in this country, may be detect- 
ed by its complete solubility in absolute alcohol, and 
pure sulphuric ether, differing in this respect from all 
the fixed oils, except palm oil. It is also heavier than 
most of the other fixed oils. 

What are its medical properties and uses? 

When free from rancidity, it is a mild and efficient 
cathartic; particularly adapted to cases of constipation, 
and diseases attended with irritation or inflammation 
of the bowels ; as colic, diarrhoea, dysenteiy and 
enteritis. Best cathartic in cases of pregnant and 
puerperal women, and for children. 

What is the dose and best mode of exhibition? 

Dose, for an adult, f § j. ; for an infant, f 5 j. or 
f3ij. Usually administered floating on the surface 
of some aromatic water, as that of mint or cinnamon. 
Sometimes more conveniently given, in a cup of 
sweetened coffee. Frequently made into an emulsion 
with the yolk of egg or mucilage, and some aromatic 
water. 

RHUBARB.— RHEUM. 

What is rhubarb ? 

The root of Rheum palmatum, and other species 
of Rheu?n, perennial, herbaceous plants, inhabiting 
Central Asia, and cultivated in Europe. 

How is the root prepared for market ? 

It is dug up when the plant is about 5 or 6 years 
old, washed, scraped, and cut into various sized pieces 
to facilitate the drying ; they are then pierced, strung 



CATHARTICS. 161 

upon cords and dried, some by the air, and some by 
artificial heat. 

What are the varieties of rhubarb, their commercial 
histories and physical properties ? 

There are three chief varieties — Russian, Chinese 
and European Rhubarb. 

Russian Rhubarb, sometimes called Turkey Rhu- 
barb, is collected by the Buchanans, on the mountains 
of Tartary, and carried by them to the Russian fron- 
tier town, Kiachta, for bartar, when it undergoes a 
rigid inspection by an apothecary appointed by the 
Russian government for that purpose, and those pieces 
which are found to be sound and free from the attacks 
of worms, are sent on to St. Petersburg for exportation. 
This, which is the best and most costly variety, is met 
with in irregularly shaped pieces, somewhat angular, 
as if the cortical portion had been shaved off longitu- 
dinally with a knife. They are heavy, of a bright- 
yellow color, generally perforated with connical holes, 
extending, in some pieces, completely, in others, only 
partly through their substance, made evidently for the 
purpose of inspection. Internally, the}' are compact, 
beautifully marbled with red, yellow and white veins 
or points. It has 7 a peculiar, somewhat aromatic odor, 
and a bktef, -slightly astringent taste ; feels gritty under 
the teeth when chewed, owing to the presence of crys- 
tals of oxalate of lime ; stains the saliva yellow, and 
affords a bright yellow powder when pulverized. 

Chinese or East India Rhubarb, is imported from 
Canton, and is the variety mostly used in this country. 
It is met with in round or flattened pieces, smooth on 
the surface, as if the cortical portion had been scraped 
off; of a brownish-yellow color ; perforated with cylin- 
drical holes, in many of which, are found pieces of cord, 
by which they were suspended while being dried. It is 
heavier, closer, and more compact than the Russian, 
and affords a yellowish powder, with a tinge of orange. 
Its odor and taste, are nearly similar to the Russian, 
and like it, is gritty when chewed, and stains the saliva 
14* 



162 CATHARTICS. 

yellow. It sometimes contains mouldy and worm- 
eatened pieces, but when free from these, it is but 
little inferior to the Russian, and is much cheaper. 

European Rhubarb, which is derived from the cul- 
tivated plant, occurs in irregularly cylindrical pieces, 
or in pieces resembling the Russian ; the former, 
called in England, stick rhubarb, the latter, trimmed 
rhubarb. This is soft and spongy, and of difficult 
pulverization; affording a powder more deeply tinged 
with red than the Asiatic varieties. It has an astrin- 
gent taste; scarcely feels gritty when chewed, and but 
slightly colors the saliva, on which accounts, it is 
sometimes preferred for chewing. 

What are the chemical properties of rhubarb? 

Its active ingredients are supposed to be, a peculiar 
principle, called rhabarbarin and tannin. Besides 
these, it contains several other principles ; as gum, 
starch, oxalate of lime, &c. The European, contains 
most tannin, least rhabarbarin, and very little oxalate 
of lime. Water and alcohol extract its virtues. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

It possesses the properties of a cathartic, astringent 
and tonic. In full doses, it operates as a mild purga- 
tive, stimulating the muscular coat of the whole intes- 
tinal canal, without augmenting materially its secre- 
tions, followed by its astringent effects. Its action 
sometimes accompanied with griping in the bowels. 
Used in dyspepsia with constipation, in chronic dys- 
entery, diarrhoea and cholera infantum, when a purge 
is indicated ; unsuitable in inflammatory diseases. Its 
astringent and griping tendencies counteracted, the 
first, by combining it with soap ; the last, with 
ajcmatics. Roasting has the effects, it is said, of in- 
creasing its astringent and diminishing its purgative 
power. 

What are the forms of administration, and the dose 
of each? 

Usually given in powder, with molasses or syrup, or 
in pill ; sometimes, in the form of one of the follow- 



CATHARTICS. 163 

ing officinal preparations : Infusion of Rhubarb, 
Tincture of Rhubarb, Tincture of Rhubarb and 
Aloes, Tincture of Rhubarb and Gentian, Tincture of 
Rhubarb and Senna, commonly called Warner's 
Gout Cor died, Syrup of Rhubarb, Syrup of Rhu- 
barb and Se?i?ia, and Aromatic Syrup of Rhubarb, 
commonly called Spiced Rhubarb. Dose of the 
powder, as a stomachic and laxative, from 5 to 10 
grains; as a purgative, from 20 to 30 grains. The 
European, requires to be given in double this quanti- 
ty. Average dose of the officinal forms, f 5 j. or f 5 ij., 
as a laxative; f §j., as a purgative. 

SENNA. 

What is senna ? 

The leaflets of Cassia acutifolia, Cassia obovata 
and Cassia elongata, small shrubs growing in the 
north of Africa and in Arabia. 

What are the commercial varieties ? 

Three varieties brought to this country, Alexan- 
dria, Tripoli and India Senna. 

1. Alexandria Senna. Where is this collected, and 
bow is it prepared for market ? 

Collected in Upper Egypt. The shrubs, chiefly 
the C. acutifolia, me cut clown, dried in the sun, and 
the leaves and pods afterwards stripped off, packed in 
bales, and sent to Boulac, the great entrepot of this 
variety. Here, it is mixed with the leaflets of the 
C. obovata, and adulterated with those of argel, and 
then transmitted to Alexandria for exportation. 

How may the adulterating leaves be distinguished ? 

By their paler yellowish color ; their greater length, 
being usually more than an inch long ; their coria- 
ceous texture, and by their being equal-sided ; the 
leaflets of all the true sennas being unequal at their 
base. 

2. Tripoli Senna. Where is this exported, and 
what are its distinguishing characters ? 



164 CATHARTICS. 

Exported from Tripoli. It consists, principally, of 
the C. acutifolia, much broken up. It seldom con- 
tains argel or cynanchum. 

3. India Senna. From whence is this derived, 
and what are its distinguishing characters? 

Imported from Calcutta, whither it is carried from 
Arabia. It is the product of the C. elongata, and 
may be readily distinguished by the greater length 
and comparative narrowness of the leaves. 

How is commercial senna prepared for use ? 

By picking out the leaflets from the fragments, 
leafstalks and leaves of other plants. 

What are the sensible and chemical properties of 
senna? 

It is of a gteenish color, and has a faint, sickly odor, 
and a viscid, nauseous taste. Water and alcohol ex- 
tract its virtues, which are supposed to depend on a 
peculiar principle, called cathartin. The infusion 
deposits, on exposure to the air, a yellowish, insolu- 
ble precipitate, the nature of which is not w r ell under- 
stood. 

What is its character as a cathartic ? 

It is a prompt, efficient and safe cathartic ; its ope- 
ration attended sometimes, however, with considerable 
gripinsr. 

What are its therapeutical applications? 

Applicable in febrile, and most other complaints 
requiring an effectual purgative. Often combined 
with the saline cathartics to obviate its griping tenden- 
cy, and to increase, in febrile diseases, its antiphlogis- 
tic effects. 

How is it given, and what is the dose ? 

Usually given in infusion. Dose of the officinal 
infusion, prepared with §j. of senna, 3 j. of bruised 
coiiander seed, and Oj. of boiling water, from fgij. 
to f § iv. 

W r hat are the medical properties and uses of the 
officinal Tincture of Senna and Jalap. 

It is a purgative, possessing also cordial properties, 



CATHARTICS. 165 

due to its aromatic constituents. Used in costiveness 
with flatulence; in atonic gout, dec. 

What is the dose ? 

From f5 ij. to f |j. 

What are the constituents of the Confection of 
Senna. 

It is prepared with senna, coriander seed, liquorice 
root, figs, the pulp of prunes, tamarinds and purging 
cassia, refined sugar and water. 

What are its medical properties and uses? 

It is a very pleasant laxative, well adapted for cases 
of habitual costiveness, especially in pregnant women, 
and persons affected with the piles. 

What is the dose ? 

From 5 ij. to 5 iv, taken at bed-time. 

AMERICAN SENNA— CASSIA MARILANDICA. 

What is the character of the plant that yields Amer- 
ican Senna, and its place of growth ? 

It is an herbaceous, perennial plant, from 3 to 6 feet 
high, bearing beautiful, golden-yellow flowers, which 
appear in July and August. It is found in all parts of 
the United States, south of New York, growing most 
abundantly in low, moist situations. 

At what time should the leaves be collected ? 

In August, or the beginning of September. 

What are their physical and chemical properties ? 

The leaves are sometimes found in the shops in the 
form of compressed cakes, as prepared by the Shakers ; 
they are from 1^- to 2 inches long, and from J to ^ an 
inch in breadth ; of a pale green color, a feeble odor, 
and a nauseous taste, somewhat similar to that of 
senna. Water and alcohol extract their virtues, which 
depend on a principle analogous to the cathartin of 
senna. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

They are similar to those of senna. 

How is it administered, and what is the dose? 



L6€ C vrn uvvics. 

Given in infusion, Dose one-third larger than ihat 
of iho impoitod senna. 

I V RACT OP R ITFRMT— FATKACTl M JUQLAKDIS 

I ' om what is tb ted \ 

DD the inner bark of (ho root o(" iho JugitmS 
. DJQ indigenous forest-tree, called by lire several 
. .."//:..', and ic/^Ve walnut. 
How ;> the extraet p.. 

H\ evaporating a decoction of tire coarsely powder- 
ed inner bark o( the root, or by the process of dis- 
:it. 
What are its sensible properties ! 
Is of a black color, a peculiar odor, and a bitter, 

agent tea 
\\ hat are its medical properties and us 
I - ca rtiCj analogous in its action to rhubarb, 
and often useful in habitual constipation. 
What is the dose ! 

MO) 20 to SO grams, as a purgative; from 5 to 11 . 
as a Laxai 

DE 

W . ■ . - 

. ..- of the lei 

s of A ^ rfiinftj 

Whal is the chi plants, and their 

■ h ! 
They nave a round, erect stem, from 2 to i 

\h numerous, . a s. and searlet, 

inhabit the south of A- 

91 and West India 

. lei of which, as in B 

v. ensively cultivated. 

W . . ;.:e the different mc .aining aloes, and 

a . ? 
jists i cutting the leaves trans- 



CATHARTICS. 167 

versely near their base, and inspissating the juice, 
which flows spontaneously from them, either in the 
sun or with a gentle artificial heat. This method af- 
fords the best aloes. The flow of juice from the 
leaves is sometimes promoted, by plunging them in 
hot water, and sometimes by pressure, when an infe- 
rior sort of aloes is obtained. A still more inferior 
kind is prepared by boiling the leaves and evapo- 
rating the decoction. 

What are the commercial varieties ? 

Three varieties of aloes reach our markets, viz : 
Cape Aloes, Socotrine Aloes, and Hepatic Aloes. 

1. Cape Aloes. What is the source and mode of 
preparing Cape aloes? 

It is procured from the A. spicata, by the method 
first mentioned, and is of excellent qualities. 

From whence is it imported ? 

Imported from the Cape of Good Hope into Great 
Britain, whence it is brought into the United States. 

What are its physical properties ? 

Cape aloes, the variety mostly used in this country, 
has a shining, resinous appearance; is of a dark-brown 
color, with a greenish-yellow tinge in the small frag- 
ments, which are also semi-tiansparent. It is hard 
and brittle in cold weather, breaking with a smooth, 
glassy fracture, and affording, when pulverized, a 
greenish-yellow powder. It has a strong, disagreeable 
odor, much increased by breathing on it, and a very 
bitter taste. 

2. Socotrine Aloes. Where, and from what plant 
is this prepared ? 

The genuine is prepared in the Island of Socotra, 
from the A. Socotrina. But the best specimens of 
other varieties, particularly those prepared in Spain 
and the West Indies, without expression and by in- 
spissation in the sun, bear this name as a mark of 
superior quality. 

What are its physical properties ? 

It is in pieces of a yellowish-brown color, becoming 



168 CATHARTICS. 

darker by exposure to the air. Its surface is somewhat 
glossy, and its fracture smooth and glassy, with trans- 
lucent, reddish edges. Its odor is fragrant, and its 
taste bitter, and somewhat aromatic. It yields a bright, 
golden-yellow powder. 

3. Hepatic Aloes. From what places and plants is 
this derived ? 

It is derived from Spain and the West Indies, and 
a small quantity is brought from India. That derived 
from Spain and the West Indies, is the product of the 
_4. Vulgaris. 

What are its physical properties? 

It is in large masses, of a dull liver-brown color, 
whence the name; of a dull opaque fracture, a disa- 
greeable odor, and a nauseous, intensely bitter taste. 
The powder is of a dull olive-yellow color. 

What are the chemical properties of aloes? 

Its most important constituent is a bitter extractive 
matter, called aloesin, which amounts to 75 or SO per 
cent, in the best specimens. It contains also, a resinous 
substance, (apothemej and a trace of volatile oil, in 
the socotiine variety. It is rendered soft and tena- 
cious by heat, and is inflammable. Cold water dis- 
solves its active matter only, and forms a very perma- 
nent solution ; boiling water dissolves it wholly, but 
deposits the resinous portion on cooling. Long boiling 
impairs its purgative properties, by converting the ex- 
tractive into insoluble apotheme. Soluble also in 
alcohol. 

Which is the best, and which the most inferior vari- 
ety of aloes ? 

The socotrine is considered the best, and the hepatic 
the most inferior. 

What is the character of aloes as a cathartic ? 

It is slow, but certain in its operation, acting espe- 
cially on the large intestines, increasing their peristaltic 
motion, and producing feculent discharges. Frequent- 
ly repeated, it is apt to irritate the rectum, and may 
produce hemorrhoids. 



CATHARTICS. 169 

How may its irritating effects be prevented ? 

By combining it with hyoscyamus ; and in some 
degree, with soap, or an alkaline carbonate. 

What are its remedial applications ? 

In small doses, it is very useful in habitual cos- 
tiveness, especially when attended with torpor of the 
digestive organs; peculiarly useful in the treatment of 
ascarides, and is much employed in amenorrhcea. 

What conditions of the system contra-indicate its use? 

Hemorrhoids; irritation or inflammation of the large 
intestines, and pelvic viscera; pregnancy and men- 
struation. 

What is the dose and best mode of administration ? 

Dose, as a laxative, from 2 to 6 grains ; as a purga- 
tive, from 10 to 15 grains ; given in the form of pill. 

What is peculiar about its action, as connected with 
the dose ? 

When given beyond the medium dose, the increase 
of action is not in proportion to the increase of quan- 
tity. 

What are some of the most important officinal pre- 
parations of aloes, in the solid form, and the dose of 
each ? 

Pills of Aloes and Assafetida ; Pills of Aloes and 
Myrrh, sometimes called Rufus's Pills ; Compound 
Pills of Rhubarb, and Powder of Aloes and Canella, 
commonly called hiera picra. The dose of each of 
these is from 10 to 20 grains. 

What are some of the liquid preparations of aloes, 
and their doses ? 

Tincture of Aloes ; dose, from f § ss. to f § iss. 

Tincture of Aloes and Myrrh, formerly called elixir 

proprietatis ; dose, f 5 j. or f 3 ij., as a laxative and 

stomachic. Wine of Aloes ; dose, f 3 j. or f 3 ij., as 

a laxative ; as a cathartic, from f § ss. to f § j. 

JALAP.— JALAPA. 

What is this ? 

The root of the Ipomaia Jalapa, a climbing plant, 
with a tuberous root, growing in Mexico. 
15 



170 CATHARTICS. 

What are its physical properties ? 

It comes either in whole or half tubers, or in trans- 
verse circular slices. The entire tubers are ovoid ; of 
a size usually smaller than the fist ; generally incised 
more or less deeply, to facilitate their drying ; wrink- 
led, and of a brown color externally. They are 
heavy, compact, hard and brittle, breaking with a 
shining, undulating fracture, of a grayish color, diver- 
sified with concentric, darker circles, and numerous 
brilliant, resinous points. The odor is nauseous, and 
the taste somewhat acrid and disagreeable. It is pul- 
verized with difficulty, and affords a yellowish -gray 
powder. 

What are its chemical properties? 

It consists of resin, hard and soft; of gum, starch, 
lignin, &c. Alcohol dissolves the resin, its active in- 
gredient; water only its non-cathartic components. 
The starch is often eaten by insects, and the relative 
strength of the root thereby greatly increased. 

What are the adulterations and the evidences of such? 

It is sometimes adulterated with light ox fusiform 
jalap , called in Mexico, male jalap , and occasionally, 
also, with the mechoaca?i, or American bryony, as it is 
sometimes called in Europe. The presence of adul- 
terations may be suspected, when the drug is light; of 
a whitish color internally; of a dull fracture, and of a 
spongy or friable texture. 

What is the character of jalap, as a cathartic ? 

It is an active and brisk cathartic, producing copious 
watery stools, and occasionally, considerable griping in 
the bowels. In over doses, it produces hypercatharsis 
and inflammation of the alimentary mucous mem- 
brane. 

What are its remedial applications? 

It may be given in most cases, where an active ca- 
thartic is indicated. Much used, combined with calo- 
mel, in bilious fever; and with supertartrate of potassa, 
in dropsy, and in scrofulous affections of the joints, as 
coxalgia. 



CATHARTICS. 171 

What is the dose ? 

From 15 to 30 grains; of jalap and supertartrate of 
potassa, 10 to 20 grains of the former, with 5j. or 5 ij. 
of the latter; of calomel and jalap, 10 grains of each. 
Dose of the resin of jalap, S or 10 grains. 

What are the disadvantages of this preparation ? 

It is apt to produce severe griping, and considerable 
irritation of the mucous membrane of the bowels ; 
consequently, it is less eligible than the officinal 
extract — Extraction Jalapce, — which is prepared by 
means of both alcohol and water. Dose, 10 to 20 
grains ; but it is seldom given alone. 

MAY-APPLE— PODOPHYLLUM. 

What is the character of this plant, and its place of 
growth ? 

The Podophyllum peltatwn, May-apple, or Man- 
drake, is an indigenous, herbaceous plant, flowering 
about the end of May, or the beginning of June, 
and the fruit, a large oval berry, lipens in the latter 
part of September, when it is of a lemon-yellow color, 
has a peculiar, sweetish, sub- acid taste, and is some- 
times eaten with impunity. 

What is the officinal portion ? 

The root. The leaves are said to be poisonous ? 

What are the physical properties of the dried root ? 

It is in pieces of about two lines in diameter; thick- 
ly jointed ; much wrinkled longitudinally, and of a 
reddish or yellowish-brown color externally ; whitish 
within. The powder is yellowish-gray, resembling 
that of jalap. It has a sweetish, sickly odor, in the 
state of powder, and a taste, at first sweetish, after- 
wards bitter, acrid and nauseous. 

What are its relations to water and alcohol ? 

It yields its virtues to alcohol and to boiling water. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

It is an active hydragogue cathartic, resembling 
jalap in its operation, and may be employed in similar 
cases, forms and doses. 



172 CATHARTICS. 

SC A M MON Y.— SCAMMON IUM. 

What is this ? 

The concrete juice of the root of the Convolvulus 
Scammonia. 

What is the character of this plant, and its place of 
growth ? 

It has numerous, herbaceous, climbing stems, and a 
very thick, fusiform, fleshy root, which abounds in a 
milky juice. It is a native of Syria and the neigh- 
boring countries. 

What is the mode of collecting and preparing the 
juice? 

The earth having been cleared away, the top of the 
root is sliced off obliquely, and the juice received in 
shells as it exudes; afterwards mixed with that from 
other plants, and exposed to the air until it concretes. 
In this way the best scammony is prepared, but a 
more inferior kind is usually met with ; prepared by 
adding to the juice collected as above, that obtained 
from the leaves and stalks by expression, together with 
such impurities as wheat flour, chalk, ashes, fine 
sands, &c. 

Whence is scammony exported, and what are the 
varieties ? 

Exported from Aleppo and Smyrna, and was formerly 
called Aleppo Scammony and Smyrna Scammony, 
after these places. The finest kind is called the Vir- 
gin Scammony. 

What are its physical properties ? 

The best, or Virgin Scammony, is in small amor- 
phous masses, of an ash-gray color externally; porous, 
friable, breaking with a conchoidal, resinous fracture, 
of a dark greenish color, and forming, when rubbed 
with the saliva, a greenish-yellow emulsion. Its odor 
is strong, resembling somewhat that of old cheese, 
and its taste, bitterish and acrid. But scammony, 
as usually met with in our shops, is more or less im- 
pure, and occurs in larger, darker, heavier, more com- 



CATHARTICS. 173 

pact masses than virgin scammony, and is less brittle, 
and presents a duller, more earthy fracture. 

What are the best chemical tests of its purity? 

Chalk may be detected by the effervescence pro- 
duced when muriatic acid is dropped on a small frag- 
ment, and flour by a cooled and filtered decoction of 
the powder, being rendered blue by tincture of iodine. 

What are its chemical properties? 

It is a gum-resin. Its chief constituent is resin, 
which constitutes more than two-thirds of the weight 
of good scammony. It is partially dissolved by 
water, more largely by alcohol, and completely, with 
the exception of impurities, by diluted alcohol. 

What is its character as a cathartic ? 

It is a drastic cathartic, operating sometimes with 
considerable harshness. 

What are its therapeutical applications? 

It is applicable in cases of habitual constipation, 
arising from a torpid state of the bowels. It is usual- 
ly given in combination with other cathartics, the ac- 
tion of which it promotes, while its own harshness is 
diminished. In the form of the Compound Extract 
of Colocynth, and the Compound Cathartic Pill, it 
is often beneficially employed in the commencement 
of bilious feveis, and other complaints, attended with 
congestion of the liver and portal circle. 

What is the dose and best mode of administration ? 

Dose, from 5 to 10 grains, made into an emulsion 
with milk. 

BLACK HELLEBORE.— HELLEBORUS NIGER. 

W r hat is the character of this plant, and its place of 
growth ? 

It is an herbaceous plant with a perennial root, con- 
sisting of numerous, long, simple fibres or radicles, 
proceeding from a knotty head. Its flowers, which 
are large and rose-like, expand in the middle of winter, 
and hence the name Christmas Rose, by which the 
15* 



174 



CATHARTICS. 



plant is sometimes called. It is a native of the mid- 
dle and southern parts of Europe. 

What is the part used in medicine ? 

The whole root is officinal, but the fibres are chiefly 
used. 

What are the physical and chemical properties of 
the dried root ? 

The root-stock is black, and the fibres brownish- 
black externally, whitish within. They are about 
the thickness of a straw, brittle, have a faint odor and 
a bitterish, nauseous, acrid taste ; its acrimony having 
been much diminished by drying. Water and alcohol 
extiact its virtues, which are impaired by long boiling. 

What are its medical properties, and therapeutical 
applications as a cathartic ? 

It is a drastic, hydragogue cathartic, possessing also 
emmenagogue properties. In over doses, it produces 
inflammation of the gastro-intestinal mucous mem- 
brane, with vomiting, hypercathaisis, vertigo, cramps, 
and convulsions, ending sometimes in death. As a 
cathartic, it is not much used at present. It was high- 
ly prized by the ancients, as a purgative, in cerebral 
and nervous affections, and in dropsy. It was the 
chief ingredient of Backer's Pills — celebrated for the 
cure of dropsy. 

How is it given, and what is the dose? 

Given in powder, decoction, tincture, or extract. 
Dose of the powder, from 10 to 20 grains ; of the de- 
coction, made with 5ij. to Oj., f§j., every 4 hours 
till it acts; of the tincture, f 5 j. ; of the extract, 12 
or 15 grains. 

COLOCYNTH.— COLOCYNTHIS. 

What is colocynth officinally ? 

The fruit of the Cucumis Colocynthis or bitter 
cucumber, deprived of its rind. 

What is the character of the plant, and its place of 
growth ? 



CATHARTICS. 175 

It is an annual herbaceous plant, with trailing stems, 
much resembling our common garden cucumber. It 
is a native of Turkey, the islands of the Archipe- 
lago, &c. 

What is the character of the fruit, and the mode of 
preparing it for market ? 

It is a globular berry, about the size of a small 
orange, of a yellow color when ripe, and contains 
within a coriaceous rind, numerous white seeds, im- 
bedded in a soft pulp. It is gathered in autumn when 
it begins to yellow, peeled and dried quickly, either in 
the sun, or in a stove. 

What are the physical properties of the fruit, as 
found in the shops? 

It is in whitish balls, very light and spongy, and of 
difficult pulverization. It has a feeble odor, and a 
nauseous, intensely bitter taste. The seeds constitute 
about three-fourths of their weight, and are entirely 
inert, and should be rejected. 

What are^s chemical properties? 

Its active^ingredient, is a peculiar, bitter principle, 
called colocynthin, which is extracted by water and 
alcohol. 

What is its character as a cathartic? 

It is a powerful, drastic hydragogue cathartic, opera- 
ting harshly when given alone, and is therefore usual- 
ly combined with other purgatives to mitigate its harsh- 
ness. 

What is the preparation mostl}?- used ? 

The Compound Extract. — (Extractum Colocynthl- 
dis Compositum.) 

What is the composition of this preparation, and its 
character as a cathartic ? 

It is composed of colocynth, aloes, scammony, car- 
damon and castile soap. It is a very active and safe 
cathartic. 

What are its remedial applications ? 

It is much used in obstinate constipation ; in the 



176 CATHARTICS. 

commencement of fevers; and combined with calo- 
mel, in congestion of the liver and portal system. 

What is the dose of the pulp of colocynth, and of 
the compound extract? 

Dose of the pulp, from 5 to 10 grains ; of the com- 
pound extract, fiom 10 to 15 grains. 

GAMBOGE.— GAMBOGIA. 

What is this ? 

The concrete juice of an unascertained tree, inhab- 
iting Siam, probably of the Stalagmitis Cambogio- 
ides and Hebradendron Cambogioides. 

How is it prepared, and from what places is it im- 
ported ? 

Procured by breaking off the leaves and young 
shoots, from which the juice issues in drops, and is 
either received into the hollow joints of the bamboo, 
which gives it a cylindrical form, or into some suitable 
vessel, and allowed to stand until it attains the requi- 
site thickness, when it is usually rolled into cylinders, 
and wrapped in leaves. Imported froi©Canton and 
Calcutta. 

What are its physical properties? 

It is generally met with in cylindrical rolls, from 
one to tw T o inches in diameter, sometimes hollow in 
the centre ; often folded double and agglutinated to- 
gether, striated externally, and of a reddish-yellow 
color, with greenish stains, and usually dusty with the 
bright yellow 7 powder of the drug. It is brittle, break- 
ing with a shining, conchoidal fracture. This is some- 
times called pipe gamboge. A more inferior kind is 
sometimes met w T ith, under the name of cake or lump 
gamboge, in irregular masses, weighing from two to 
three pounds, often mixed w T ith sticks and other im- 
purities. Gamboge has no odor, but a slightly acrid 
taste. 

What are its chemical properties ? 

It is a gum-resin ; its medicinal virtues residing in 
the resin. It is insoluble in w r ater, but forms with it a 



CATHARTICS. ITT 

perfect emulsion. Alcohol dissolves it, almost entirely. 
Like all the gum-resins, it softens by heat, without melt- 
ing, and is inflammable, burning with much smoke. 

What are its medical properties and uses? 

It is a powerful, drastic, hydragogue cathartic, with 
an aptitude to produce nausea and vomiting, in full 
doses; and imrlammation of the mucous membrane of 
the stomach and bowels, in over doses. Sometimes 
given in dropsies and encephalic affections, in small 
doses; but usually combined with other and milder 
cathartics, to temper its action. 

What is the dose and best mode of administration? 

Dose, 2 or 3 grains, repeated every 3 or 4 hours, till 
it operates. Given in pill or emulsion. 

Compound Cathartic Pills, — Pilula Catharticai 
Composite. What are the constituents of this prepa- 
ration ? 

It consists of compound extract of colocynth, extract 
of jalap, calomel and gamboge. 

What are the advantages of this form ? 

It combines smallness of bulk, with efficiency and 
comparative mildness of action, and a peculiar tenden- 
cy to the liver. Smallness of bulk obtained by using 
extracts, and the more energetic cathartics; a tendency 
to the liver imparted by the calomel ; and greater effi- 
ciency, with mildness, the result of the union. This 
before explained, (page 155.) 

What are their remedial applications? 

They may be employed in all cases requiring an 
active cathartic; particularly applicable to the early 
stages of bilious fevers, hepatitis, jaundice, &c. 

What is the dose ? 

Three pills, which contain 4 grains of comp. ext. of 
colocynth, 3 of extract of jalap, 3 of calomel, and § 
of a grain of gamboge, making 10§ grains of the mass. 

ELATERIUM. 

What is elaterium ? 



ITS CATHARTICS. 

A substance deposited from the juice of the Momor- 
dica Elaterium^ wild or squirting cucumber. 

What is the character of this plant, and its place of 
growth and culture? 

It is an annual, trailing plant, with a thick, rough, 
branching stem. The fruit, (pepo,) is about an inch 
thick, and an inch and a half long, greenish, and 
covered with prickles ; when ripe, it falls off, and 
throws out its juice and seeds with considerable force, 
through the place of its attachment to the foot-stalk ; 
from which circumstance, it is thought, it derived its 
name. It is a native of the south of Europe, and is 
cultivated in Great Britain. 

What are the modes of obtaining elaterium, and the 
one that yields the best? 

It is mostly prepared as follows : the ripe fruit is 
sliced, and the juice gently expressed through a fine 
hair-sieve, and allowed to stand until the thicker part 
has subsided ; the thinner, supernatant part, is then 
poured off, and the thicker, dried with a gentle heat. 
Dr. Clutterbuck's method, which yields the genuine 
elaterium, differs from the above, in allowing the juice 
to flow out without expression. A very inferior kind 
is sometimes prepared by expressing and evaporating 
the juice. 

What are its physical properties? 

It is in thin, flat cakes or fragments ; light and fria- 
ble ; of a greenish-gray color, and generally bearing 
the impression of the muslin upon which it was dried. 
It has a very faint odor, but a bitter, acrid taste. 

What is its active ingredient? 

A peculiar crystalizable principle, called elaterin. 

What are its medical properties and uses? 

It is a powerful, hydragogue cathartic, and generally 
excites, in full doses, nausea, and frequently vomit- 
ing; and in over doses, inflammation of the stomach 
and bowels. It also possesses diuretic properties. It 
has proved to be a very efficient remedy in dropsy. 

What is the dose ? 



CATHARTICS. 179 

Of the purest, gr. J- ; of the common, gr. J ; every 
hour till it operates. Dose of elaterin, from T x g to T V 
of a grain. 

CROTON OIL.— OLEUM TIGLII. 

From what is this derived ? 

From the seeds of the Croton Tiglium, a small 
tree, growing in India, the Molucca Islands and Cey- 
lon. 

What were the seeds formerly called ? 

Grana Tiglia, Grana Molucca, &c. 

What are their physical and medical properties? 

They are rather larger than a grain of coffee, and 
of an irregular, quadrangular shape. They consist of 
a soft, yellowish-brown epidermis, a blackish shell, 
and a yellowish-brown, oily kernel. In the dose of 
one or two grains, the kernel purges actively. 

How is the oil extracted from the seeds? 

By expression ; the seeds having been previously 
roasted, and deprived of their shells. 

What are the sensible properties of the oil? 

As found in the shops, it is of an orange color, with 
a faint but peculiar odor, and a very acrid taste. 

What is its chemical constitution ? 

It consists of a peculiar acid, named crotonic acid, 
dissolved in a bland, fixed oil, to the former of which, 
it owes its active properties. 

What is the most common adulteration, and how 
may it be detected ? 

Castor oil is the most common adulteration, and 
may readily be detected, by its solubility in alcohol, 
whilst croton oil is insoluble. 

What is its character as a cathartic ? 

It is a powerful, hydragogue cathartic, operating 
usually, in small doses, with ease to the patient ; but 
in large doses, it is apt to occasion vomiting and severe 
griping, and in over doses, may prove fatal. 

What are its therapeutical applications as a ca- 
thartic ? 



ISO CATHARTICS. 

It is used in obstinate constipation; in dropsy; in 
comatose affections, and in various convulsive and 
neuralgic diseases. 

What is the dose and best mode of administering it? 

Dose, 1 or 2 drops, given in the form of pill ; which 
may be made with a crumb of bread. It is safer to 
give it in divided doses, till it operates. Where a pa- 
tient is unable or unwilling to swallow, one drop 
placed on the tongue, will generally operate ; and its 
purgative action may be obtained, it is said, even by 
rubbing 4 drops around the umbilicus. 

What are its effects when applied externally, and 
how, and for what puiposes is it thus used ? 

It produces inflammation of the skin, with a pustu- 
lar eruption. Diluted with three parts of olive oil, 
soap-liniment, or other convenient vehicle, it has been 
used as a revellent and counter-irritant, in pulmonary 
diseases; in neuralgia, rheumatism, gout, glandular 
swellings, &c, applied in the way of a liniment. 

2. Mineral Cathartics. 

Mention these. 

The following, though not all strictly mineral, are 
embraced in this division : sulphur, carbonate of mag- 
nesia, magnesia, the saline cathartics and calomel. 

SULPHUR. 

What is the origin and mode of preparing crude sul- 
phur or brimstone 9 

Sulphur is found in all three of the great kingdoms 
of nature; but it is usually prepared by sublimation, 
from the native sulphurets of iron and copper, and 
from sulphur earths, which are found in great abun- 
dance, in volcanic regions. 

How is crude sulphur purified? 

By a second sublimation, in an apparatus so con- 
structed, that it may be condensed, either in the state 



CATHARTICS. 181 

of flowers — officinal in the last edition of the U. S. 
Pharm. — or in the liquid state, by the application of 
more heat ; and constituting, when cast into cylindri- 
cal sticks, roll sulphur ', or cane brimstone. To free it 
from sulphuric acid, it is washed with successive por- 
tions of boiling water, and then dried, when it is call- 
ed washed sulphur. 

Whence is it imported ? 

Chiefly from Italy and Sicily. 

What are its physical and chemical properties? 

Roll sulphur is in cylindrical pieces, from two to 
three inches long, and nearly an incli in diameter; 
friable, and breaking with a shining, crystaline frac- 
ture. Sublimed sulphur, ox flowers of sulphur, is in 
the state of a very fine powder. It is of a bright yel- 
low color, has a very slight taste, and a peculiar odor, 
when rubbed. It is a simple substance, insoluble in 
water and in alcohol, but soluble in the fixed and vol- 
atile oils. 

What are its effects on the system ? 

It acts as a gentle laxative and diaphoretic, and from 
a portion being converted into sulphureted hydrogen, 
in the bowels, it imparts to the evacuations and the in- 
sensible perspiration, a very offensive smell, for some 
time after its use. 

What are its therapeutical applications ? 

It is employed in hemorrhoidal affections; in chronic 
rheumatism, gout and catarrh ; in cutaneous diseases, 
and especially in scabies, in which it is used both in- 
ternally and externally. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 

Dose, as a laxative, 5 j. or 5 ij. ; given in syrup, 
molasses or milk. Often combined with magnesia or 
bitartrate of potassa, to assist in its cathartic action. 

How is it applied externally ? 

Usually in the form of an ointment, made by mix- 
ing sulphur intimately, with four times its weight of 
lard, to which a little oil of lemons, or bergamot, may 
16 



182 CATHARTICS. 

be added, to conceal its disagreeable odor. Sometimes 
applied, also, in the state of vapor. 

Prcecipitated Sulphur. — Sulphur Precipitatum. — 
How is this prepared, and what is its character? 

Lac sulphuris, or milk of sulphur, as it is some- 
times called, is prepared by boiling sulphur with fresh 
burnt lime, in water; filtering the solution, and drop- 
ping into it sufficient muriatic acid to precipitate the 
sulphur, which is washed with water until it becomes 
tasteless. It is preferred by some to sublimed sul- 
phur, on account of its freedom from color and its 
smoothness, being in a state of very minute division ; 
but it is liable to be contaminated with sulphuric acid, 
from exposure to the air, and frequently contains a 
large proportion of sulphate of lime; sulphuric acid, 
instead of muriatic, having been used in its prepara- 
tion. 

CARBONATE OF MAGNESIA— MAGNESL/E CARBONAS. 

How is this obtained ? 

It sometimes occurs as a native mineral, but that in 
the shops is prepared, on a large scale, by decompos- 
ing sulphate of magnesia, in solution, with carbonate 
of soda, or carbonate of potassa. 

Whence do we derive our supply of carbonate of 
magnesia ? 

Chiefly from Scotland ; but a considerable quantity 
is manufactured in the New England States and in 
Baltimore. 

What are its physical properties? 

It is a light, white, inodorous and nearly insipid 
powder. 

What is its relation to water, and its chemical na- 
ture ? 

It is nearly insoluble in water, but dissolves readily 
in carbonic acid water. It is a compound of 3 eq. of 
carbonate of magnesia, with 1 of hydrate of magnesia. 

What are its adulterations ? 



CATHARTICS. 183 

Lime, sulphate of lime, silica, &c. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

It is antacid, and by combining with acid in the 
stomach, becomes gently purgative. Used in cases 
requiring a laxative antacid, and as an antilithic, in 
excessive secretions of uric acid. 

What renders it inconvenient in many cases ? 

The flatulence which is occasioned by the libera- 
tion of its carbonic acid, when it meets with other 
acids. But in sick-stomach, with acidity, it might 
prove the more useful by this change. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 

Dose, as a cathartic, from 5 ss. to 5 ij. ; supended 
in water or milk, which may be more uniformly done 
by first rubbing it with syrup. 

MAGNESIA. 

How is this prepared ? 

Magnesia, or calcined magnesia, as it is sometimes 
called, is prepared by exposing carbonate of magnesia 
to a red heat, in an earthen vessel, till all the carbonic 
acid is expelled, which is known to have been effect- 
ed by the absence of effervescence, when vinegar or 
muriatic acid is added to it. 

What are its physical and chemical properties ? 

It is in the form of a very light, white, inodorous 
powder, with a slight alkaline taste. It consists of 
one eq. of magnesium and one of oxygen. Exposed 
to the air, it absorbs carbonic acid and moisture. It 
is very slightly soluble in water, but more so in cold 
than in hot. 

What is the most striking peculiarity of Henry^s 
magnesia, and the supposed cause ? 

Its greater density, being at least four times that of 
ordinary magnesia. Attributable, it is thought, to tri- 
turation, or to an intense heat, employed in its cal- 
cination. 

What is its character as a cathartic ? 



184 CATHARTICS. 

In full doses, it acts as a gentle cathartic; its opera- 
tion, however, is uncertain, as it depends on the quan- 
tity of free acid it meets in the stomach. From the 
absence of acid in the stomach, it has accumulated in 
some instances to a great extent, and even formed con- 
cretions in the bowels. 

What are its remedial uses as a cathartic ? 

Much used in constipation, with acidity of stomach, 
and especially in cases of children. Frequently com- 
bined with rhubarb, in bowel complaints. 

What is the dose, and best mode of administer- 
ing it? 

As a laxative, for an adult, from P)j. to 3 j. ; for in- 
fants, from 2 to 10 grains, thoroughly triturated with 
water or milk. When it does not operate from defi- 
ciency of acid, lemonade may be taken. 

Saline Cathartics. 

What is the character of these, and to what cases 
are they applicable and inapplicable ? 

They are, for the most part, mild and efficient ca- 
thartics, operating on the intestinal exhalents, and pro- 
ducing watery evacuations. They act at the same 
time as refrigerants or arterial sedatives, and hence, 
are applicable to inflammatory and active febrile com- 
plaints, and inapplicable to typhoid diseases. 

SULPHATE OF SODA.— SOD^ SULPHAS. 

What is this commonly called ? 

Glauber's salts. 

Where is it found, and how is it prepared for medi- 
cal use ? 

It is contained in many mineral springs, and its 
constituents exist in sea-water. It is usually obtained 
from the salt generated in the formation of muriatic 
acid. The residuary salt, which is a sulphate of soda, 
with an excess of sulphuric acid, is dissolved in boil- 



CATHARTICS. 185 

ing water, and the excess of acid, either neutralized 
by the addition of soda, or precipitated by carbonate 
of lime. 

What are its physical and chemical properties? 

It is a white salt, crystalizing in four-sided, striated 
prisms, with dihedral summits. It is inodorous, but 
has a cooling, saline, very bitter taste. It is composed 
of 1 eq. of sulphuric acid, 1 of soda, and 10 of water 
of crystalization. Exposed to the air, it effloresces 
rapidly ; to heat, it first melts in its water of crystali- 
zation, then dries, and at a red heat, undergoes the 
igneous fusion. It is soluble in water, and more rea- 
dily in warm than cold. Insoluble in alcohol. 

What is the dose and mode of administration? 

Ordinary dose of the crystalized, § j. ; of the 
effloresced, half the quantity. Given, dissolved in 
w r ater, to which a little dilute sulphuric acid, lemon- 
juice or cream of tartar may be added to cover its 
taste. Much less used than the next, on account of 
its disagreeable taste. 

SULPHATE OF MAGNESIA.— MAGNESLE SULPHAS. 

What is this commonly called? 

Epsom, Salts. 

Where does this occur in nature, and how is it pre- 
pared for medical use? 

It occurs in great abundance, in the numerous caves 
west of the Alleghany Mountains; in many rocks; 
in mineral springs ; sea-water, &c. There are several 
modes of preparation, but the one practised in Balti- 
more, where it is extensively manufactured from mag- 
nesite, the siliceous hydrate of magnesia, which 
abounds in the vicinity of that city, is as follows : 
" The mineral is reduced to a fine powder, and satu- 
rated with sulphuric acid. The mass is then dried 
and calcined at a red heat, in order to convert the 
sulphate of iron which may be present, into red oxide. 
It is then dissolved in water, and sulphuret of lime 
16* 



186 CATHARTICS. 

added to separate any remaining portion of iron. The 
salt is ciystalized and dissolved a third time, in order 
to purify it." 

What are its physical and chemical properties? 

Usually met with in small acicular crystals, transpa- 
rent and colorless, without odor, but of a bitter, saline 
taste. It consists of 1 eq. of acid, 1 of magnesia, and 
7 of water. It effloresces slowly in the air ; exposed 
to heat, it first melts in its water of crystalization — 
and at a higher temperature becomes anhydrous, and 
undergoes the igneous fusion. Soluble in its own 
weight of water, at 60°, and in three-fourths of its 
weight of boiling water. Insoluble in alcohol. 

What is the dose and mode of administration? 

Dose, §j., dissolved in a large quantity of water, 
to which dilute sulphuric acid may be added, or what 
is more acceptable to the palate and stomach, in car- 
bonic acid water with lemon syrup. 

SULPHATE OF POTASSA.— POTASSA SULPHAS. 

How is this prepared ? 

It is prepared, on the large scale, from the salt 
which remains after the distillation of nitric acid from 
a mixture of nitre and sulphuric acid. This salt con- 
tains an excess of sulphuric acid, which is either ex- 
pelled by ignition in a crucible, or neutralized by car- 
bonate of potassa, or precipitated by carbonate of 
lime. 

What are its physical and chemical properties ? 

It is a white salt, ciystalizing usually in single or 
double six-sided prisms, terminated by six-sided pyra- 
mids ; inodorous, with a bitter, saline taste. The crys- 
tals are very hard and are therefore employed in phar- 
macy for triturating and dividing vegetable powders, 
as in the case of Dover's Powders. It is composed 
of 1 eq. of sulphuric acid, and 1 of potassa. When 
thrown on live coals, or heated, it decrepitates, and at 
a strong red heat, fuses. It requires 16 parts of tern- 



CATHARTICS. 187 

perate, and 5 of boiling water, for its solution. Inso- 
luble in alcohol. 

What is the dose ? 

As a purge, § ss., but seldom so employed, on ac- 
count of its difficult solubility. 

BITARTRATE OF POTASSA— POTASSES BITARTRAS. 

By what other name is this called ? 

Frequently called supertartrate of potassa, cream 
of tartar, and crystals of tartar, when cryslalized. 

What is its source, and mode of preparation? 

It is deposited in an impure state, on the inside of 
casks during the fermentation of acidulous wines. 
This, which is called crude tartar or argol, is purified 
by solution and crystalization a second time. 

Whence, and in what state is it imported? 

Imported from France, in crystaline crusts. 

What are its physical and chemical properties, as 
kept in the shops ? 

It is usually in the form of a fine white powder, 
without odor, but of an agreeable acid taste. It is 
composed of 2 eq. of tartaric acid, and 1 of potassa, 
combined in the crystaline state with 1 of water. It 
is soluble in about 60 parts of cold, and in 15 of boil- 
inar water. Insoluble in alcohol. 

What are its medical properties, and therapeutical 
applications ? 

It is cathartic, diuretic and refrigerant. In large 
doses it acts as a hydragogue cathartic, and for its 
hydragogue and diuretic effects, it is much used in 
dropsical affections, often combined with jalap. Dis- 
solved in water and sweetened with sugar, it forms a 
pleasant laxative, refrigerant drink in fevers. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 

Dose, 5j. or 5 ij., as an aperient; and from § ss. 
to <§j.,as a hydragogue cathartic, mixed with mo- 
lasses. 



188 CATHARTICS. 

TARTRATE OF POTASSA.— POTASSA TARTRAS. 

What is the mode of preparing this salt? 

Tartrate of potassa, or soluble tartar, is prepared 
by neutralizing the excess of acid in the bitartiate of 
potassa, with carbonate of potassa. To the latter, in 
the state of a boiling solution, the bitartrate is added, 
until the effervescence ceases, when the liquor is filter- 
ed and evaporated, so that crystals form on cooling. 

What are its physical properties ? 

When properly prepared, it is in white crystals, but 
as usually met with, it is in the form of a granular 
powder, owing to the solution being evaporated to 
dryness. It is inodorous, with a saline, bitter taste. 

What are its chemical properties? 

It is composed of 1 eq. of tartaric acid, and 1 of 
potassa. Exposed to a damp atmosphere, it attracts 
moisture ; to heat, it fuses, and is decomposed, being 
converted into carbonate of potassa and charcoal. It 
is decomposed by all the strong acids, and by many 
acidulous salts. It is soluble in an equal weight of 
cold water. Soluble also in alcohol. 

What are its medical uses ? 

Not much used at the present day. Occasionally 
given as a refrigerant laxative in febrile diseases, and 
sometimes associated with the resinous purgatives, to 
correct their griping tendencies. 

What is the dose ? 

From § ss. to § j. 

TARTRATE OF POTASSA AND SODA.— SOD^E ET PO- 
TASSJE TARTRAS. 

What is this commonly called, and how it is pre- 
pared ? 

Commonly called Rochelle Salt. Prepared by ad- 
ding bitartiate of potassa to a solution of carbonate of 
soda, when the carbonic acid escapes and the soda 
unites with the excess of acid in the bitartrate, to form 



CATHARTICS. 189 

the salt in question, which remains in solution, and is 
crystalized in the usual way. 

What are its physical and chemical properties? 

It is in large, white, transparent crystals, which are 
right rhombic prisms, or more frequently half prisms ; 
inodorous, with a saline, slightly bitter taste. It ef- 
floresces slightly in dry air ; exposed to a strong heat, 
it is decomposed, and a mixture of the carbonates of 
potassa and soda remains. It is soluble in cold, and 
more so, in boiling water. It is a double salt, com- 
posed of 2 eq. of tartaric acid, 1 of potassa, 1 of soda, 
and 8 of water. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

It is a mild, refrigerant aperient, frequently used in 
febrile diseases, in the form of Seidlitz poivder, which 
consists of a mixture of two drachms of this salt, and 
two scruples of bicarbonate of soda, put up in a white 
paper ; and of thirty-five grains of tartaric acid, in a 
blue paper. These are dissolved separately in water, 
mixed, and taken in the state of effervescence. 

AVhat is the dose? 

Of tartrate of potassa and soda, from § ss. to § j. 

PHOSPHATE OF SODA.— SOD^E PHOSPHAS. 

How is this salt prepared ? 

It is prepared from bone ashes, or bone earth, which 
consists of phosphate of lime, with a small quantity of 
carbonate of lime. This is mixed with sulphuric acid, 
and macerated in water for three days. The sulphuric 
acid combines with the greater portion of the lime, 
and precipitates as sulphate of lime, while the carbo- 
nic acid escapes, and the liberated phosphoric acid 
unites with the undecomposed portion of phosphate, 
forming a super-phosphate of lime, which remains in 
solution. To the solution, after being entirely freed 
from sulphate of lime, by filtration, partial evapoiation, 
cooling and decantation, is added carbonate of soda, 
to neutralize the excess of phosphoric acid. The car- 



190 CATHARTICS. 

bonic acid is disengaged, the soda forms, with the ex- 
cess of phosphoric acid, phosphate of soda, which re- 
mains in solution, and the neutral phosphate of lime 
precipitates. The liquor is again filtered, and evapo- 
rated, so as to crystalize. 

What are its physical and chemical properties? 

It is in large, transparent, colorless crystals, which 
have the shape of oblique rhombic prisms ; is inodo- 
rous, with a cooling, saline, not disagreeable taste. It 
is composed of 1 eq. of phosphoric acid, 2 of soda, 1 
of basic water, and 24 of water of crystalization. It 
effloresces by exposure to the air; dissolves in four 
times its weight of cold water, and twice its weight of 
boiling water, and is nearly insoluble in alcohol. 

What are its remedial applications? 

It is well suited to cases of children, and persons of 
delicate stomach, on account of its mild taste. 

What is the dose, and best mode of administration? 

Dose, as a cathartic, from § j. to § ij., given in soup 
or gruel, to which it imparts a saline taste, like com- 
mon salt. 

CALOMEL. 

What is the officinal title? 

Mild Chloride of Mercury. — Hydrargyri Chlori- 
dwm Mite ; under which head, it will be more fully 
treated of. 

What is its character, as a cathartic? 

When given alone, it is usually slow, and somewhat 
uncertain in its operation. It stimulates the liver to 
increased action, causing bilious stools, and it is to the 
augmented quantity, and disordered quality of the bile 
which it produces, that Dr. Wood attributes the severe 
griping pain, and bilious vomiting, which sometimes 
attend its action. It does not act in a direct ratio 
with the close, three or four grains sometimes operating 
with as much energy as double or treble that quantity. 
It acts with less comparative force on infants or young 
children, than on adults. Some persons are extremely 



CATHARTICS. 191 

susceptible to its action ; in such cases there is danger 
to be apprehended, from its excessive action on the 
mouth. 

What are its remedial applications as a cathartic ? 

It is useful in hepatitis ; in inflammation of the 
stomach and bowels, and in all diseases attended with 
functional derangement of the hepatic system, as in 
the commencement of bilious fevers ; in bilious colic, 
jaundice, &c. It is peculiarly suited for children, 
being easily administered, and generally operating 
efficiently, without pain. 

What are the modes of administration ? 

It is usually followed, or combined with other ca- 
thartics, to ensure its purgative operation. Frequently 
given at night, in the form of pill, or in powder, mixed 
with syrup or molasses, and followed by a close of cas- 
tor oil, or some saline or other cathartic, on the suc- 
ceeding morning. Often combined with jalap, rhu- 
barb, aloes, &c, and sometimes with opium, in colic, 
enteritis, &c. 

What is the dose, as a cathartic? 

For an adult, from 5 to 20 grains ; for a child, two 
or three years old, 3 to 6 grains. Smaller quantities 
will generally suffice when combined with other ca- 
thartics. 

PURGATIVE ENEMATA. 

What are the uses of these ? 

They are employed to hasten, facilitate, or increase 
the action of cathartics, or to supply their place, where 
there is unwillingness or inability on the part of the 
patient to swallow, or of the stomach to retain them, 
or where, from inflammation of this viscus, they are 
inadmissible, or from debility of body, there is danger 
of exhaustion from their operation. Also, used to re- 
move feculent accumulation in the lower bowels, and 
to relieve habitual constipation, depending on a want 
of due irritability of the rectum. 



192 CATHARTICS. 

What are the substances commonly used for these 
purposes ? 

Warm water, barley water, flaxseed tea, soap and 
water, molasses and water, or gruel, with the addition 
of salt, or castor oil. ^The laxative injection common- 
ly used in this country, is composed of common salt, 
molasses, and lard, or olive oil, each a table spoonful, 
and a pint of warm water. To these, f § ij. of castor 
oil are frequently added, when a more powerful ene- 
ma is required. From f § ss. to f § ij. of oil of turpen- 
tine, suspended in Oss. of warm water, by means of 
the yolk of an egg, forms an exciting, purgative clys- 
ter, very useful in typhous cases, and in tympanitic 
states of the abdomen. An injection made by rub- 
bing up 5j. of assafetida, with Oj. of warm water, 
will often greatly aid the operation of cathartics, in 
flatulent or spasmodic colic; and in obstinate constipa- 
tion, depending on spasm of the intestine, a tobacco 
clyster is sometimes resorted to, but it is not without 
danger, and should always be done with great caution. 
Large quantities of warm water, barley water, or flax 
seed tea, are sometimes made to operate upon the 
bowels, by the mere stimulus of distention. Nearly 
all of the cathartics, in three times the ordinary dose, 
may be used in this way. 



X. DIURETICS. 

What are diuretics? 

Medicines which augment the urinary secretion. 

What are their modes of operation? 

They are supposed to act in one or more of three 
ways: 1, by entering the circulation, changed or un- 
changed in transitu , and stimulating the secreting 
vessels of the kidneys by direct contact; 2, by acting 
primarily on the alimentary canal, and secondarily on 
the kidneys by sympathy ; or 3, by promoting ab- 
sorption, and thus secondarily stimulating the kidneys, 
by surcharging the blood with serum. 

What circumstances are found to modify the action 
of diuretics, and what practical rules do they suggest? 

Their action greatly modified by the state of the 
skin ; so much so, that if the surface of the body be 
excited by external warmth, after the administration 
of a diuretic, its action will be diverted from the kid- 
neys to the vessels of the skin, and diaphoresis will 
be the result. A cathartic action also incompatible 
with diuresis; consequently some medicines, as cream 
of tartar, oil of turpentine, &c, which, when given 
in small doses, properly regulated, act as diuretics, 
when administered in large doses pass off by the 
bowels without affecting the kidneys. Diluent drinks 
favor the action of diuretics, by increasing the bulk of 
the circulating fluid. Hence, the practical importance 
of keeping the surface of the body cool, using cold 
diluent drinks and avoiding catharsis during the ad- 
ministration of diuretics. High arterial excitement 
and inflammation of the kidneys, are opposed to their 
action, and demand the use of blood-letting and de- 
pletives. Strong mental emotions, as anxious dread 
or excessive fear, have caused the discharge of urine, 
and may influence, to some extent, its secretion, but 
this is of but little practical importance. 
17 



194 DIURETICS. 

What are their therapeutical applications ? 

They are chiefly used in the treatment of dropsical 
diseases. Some of them are employed in chronic 
nephiitic affections. 

How are they thought to operate in the cure of 
dropsy ? 

" Partly by diminishing the quantity of circulating- 
fluids, and thereby promoting absorption ; partly as 
evacuants, reducing arterial excitement, and diminish- 
ing the irritation upon which the effusion depends; 
and partly, perhaps, on the principle of revulsion." 
(Wood.) 

What are the substances comprised in this class? 

Foxglove, squill, meadow-saffron root, and seed, 
indian hemp, dandelion, juniper berries, fleabane, wild 
carrot, turpentine, copaiba, Spanish flies, some of the 
salts of potassa, as the carbonates, acetate, bitartrate, 
and nitrate; spirit of nitric ether, &c. 

FOXGLOVE —DIGITALIS. 

What is the character and therapeutical application 
of digitalis as a diuretic? 

It is one of the most efficient diuretics; supposed to 
act partly by directly exciting the kidneys, and partly 
by increasing absorption : Much used in dropsy. For 
dose, <fcc. see nervous sedatives. 

SQUILL.— SCILLA. 

What is this? 

The bulb of Scilla maritima, an herbaceous plant, 
growing on the shores of the Mediterranean. 

What is the character of the bulb, and the mode of 
preparing it for market ? 

It is pear-shaped, varying in size from that of the 
fist to that of a child's head, covered externally with 
layers of thin, membranous, reddish, or whitish scales, 
and composed internally of thick, fleshy, concentric 



DIURETICS. 195 

lamellae, of a white or pale rose color. The entire 
fresh bulb, is sometimes sent into market packed in 
sand ; but more frequently they are cut into thin trans- 
verse slices, and dried quickly with a gentle heat — 
the outer dry and central mucilagenous scales having 
been rejected as inert. 

What are the physical properties of dried squill, as 
kept in the shops ? 

It is in yellowish-white, or white, somewhat trans- 
lucent slices, brittle when dry, but readily attracting 
moisture, when they become flexible; inodorous, but 
has a bitter, nauseous, acrid taste. 

What are its relations to water, alcohol and vine- 
gar? 

It imparts its virtues to these menstrua. 

To what has its virtues been ascribed? 

To a peculiar acrid principle called scillitin. 

What are its effects on the system ? 

In large doses it acts as an acro-narcotic poison. In 
medicinal doses it operates as an emetic, expectorant 
and diuretic. 

What are its therapeutical applications as a diu- 
retic ? 

It is much used in dropsical diseases, generally 
combined with calomel ; the squill exciting the kid- 
neys, and the calomel the absorbents. 

What is the dose ? 

From j. to iij. grains, 2 or 3 times a day, and gra- 
dually increased till it produces nausea, whereby its 
action on the system is evinced and absorption pro- 
moted. 

MEADOW-SAFFRON ROOT.— COLCHICI RADIX. 
MEADOW-SAFFRON SEED.— COLCHICI SEMEN. 

What is the character of the plant from which these 
are obtained, and what is the place of its growth and 
cultivation ? 

The Colchicum autumnale is a perennial bulbous 



196 DIURETICS. 

plant, flowering in autumn and its seeds appearing in 
the following spring. It propagates itself by a lateral 
offset, or new bulb, which begins to form in the latter 
part of the summer, and grows rapidly at the expense 
of the parent one. It is a native of the temperate 
paits of Europe, growing in moist meadows, and is 
cultivated to some extent in the U. States. 

What is the time for collecting the bulb, and the 
mode of preparing it for market ? 

It should be collected about the end of July, when 
it is fully developed, and before its strength is dimin- 
ished by the offset. It is cut into thin transverse 
slices and dried with a gentle heat. 

What are its physical properties ? 

The recent bulb, resembles the tulip in shape and 
size; is solid, white and fleshy internally, and covered 
with a brown, membranous coat. The dry slices are of 
a grayish- white color, firm, and with a notch on one 
part of their circumference. The seeds are small, 
nearly round, and of a reddish brown color. Both 
seeds and dry slices are inodorous, but have a bitter, 
acrid taste. 

What are their chemical properties? 

The active ingredient, is a peculiar alkaline princi- 
ple identical with, or closely resembling veratria. 
Their active properties, which in the seeds, reside in 
their outer coating, are extracted by water, alcohol, 
vinegar, and wine. 

What are the effects of colchicum on the system ? 

It appears to act as an arterial and nervous sedative, 
and at the same time stimulates most of the secretions. 
In full doses it sometimes purges and vomits, and in 
over doses, acts as an acro-narcotic poison. 

What are its remedial applications ? 

Its chief use, at present, is in the treatment of gout 
and rheumatism. 

What are the forms in which it is used, and the 
dose of each? 

It is seldom given in the form of powder— the dose 



DIURETICS. 197 

is from ij. to viij. grains, usually given in the form of 
one of the following officinal preparations. 

Wine of Colchicum Root — Vinum Colchici Radi- 
ces. Prepared by macerating a large proportion of 
the root in wine, (ftss. to Oj.,) to ensure a saturated 
tincture. Dose, from 10 drops tof3J.; often com- 
bined with magnesia, and with morphia. 

Wine of Colchicum Seed — Vinum Colchici Semen. 
Made in the proportion of §j. to Oj. Dose, from 
f 5 ss. to f 5 ij. 

Vinegar of Colchicum — Acetum Colchici. Pre- 
pared by maceration or displacement. Dose, from 
f 5 ss. to f 5 j. Less used than the wines. 

INDIAN HEMP.— APOCYNUM CANNABINUM. 

What is this officinally? 

The root of the Apocynum cannabinum, an herb- 
aceous, perennial plant, growing in the U. States, 
along fences and skirts of woods. 

What are the sensible properties of the root, and its 
relations to water and alcohol ? 

The fresh root has a strong odor, and slightly acrid, 
bitter taste. Water and alcohol extract its virtues. 

What are its medical properties and uses? 

It is a powerful emetic and cathartic; sometimes 
acts as a diuretic, diaphoretic and expectorant. It 
possesses also, narcotic properties. It is used chiefly 
in dropsy, and has effected cures in several obstinate 
cases. 

How it it given, and what is the dose ? 

Given in decoction, made by boiling § ss. of the 
root, in Oiss. of water, down to Oj. Dose, f §j., or 
f § ij., 2 or 3 times a day. 

DANDELION— TARAXACUM. 

What is this officinally? 

The root of the Leontodon Taraxacum, an herba- 

17* 



198 DIURETICS. 

ceous, indigenous plant, growing in meadows and 
pastures. 

What are the physical properties of the root? 

The fresh, full-grown root, is about as large as the 
little finger, fusiform, of a light brown color, exter- 
nally, whitish within, and abounds, as also the whole 
plant, in a milky juice. It is inodorous, but has a 
sweetish, mucilaginous, bitterish taste. 

How is its taste and activity affected by drying ? 

They are said to be greatly diminished, hence, it 
should be preferred in the recent state. 

What is its relation to water ? 

Boiling water extracts its virtues. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

It is slightly tonic, diuretic and aperient, and is said 
to be useful in chronic inflammation of the liver and 
spleen, and in cases of dropsy, dependent upon ob- 
struction of these organs ; in some forms of dyspepsia, 
connected with deficient biliary secretion, &c. 

How is it used, and what is the dose? 

Used in decoction and extract. Decoction prepared 
by boiling § j. of the diied, or § ij. of the fresh root, 
in Oj. of water, to Oss. Dose, f § i j 2 or 3 times a 
day. The extract, which is officinal, should be pre- 
pared from the fresh root, in August. Dose from 20 
to 30 grains. 

JUNIPER BERRIES.— JUNIPERUS. 

From what are these derived ? 

From the Juniperus communis, an ever-green 
shrub, indigenous in Europe, and natuialized in some 
parts of this country. 

What are their physical and chemical propeities? 

They are round, about the size of a pea, more or 
less shrivelled, of a bluish-black color, covered with a 
glaucous bloom. They have an aromatic, terebinlhi- 
nate odor, and a sweetish, pungent, terebinthinate 
taste. Water and alcohol extract their virtues, which 



DIURETICS. 199 

depend on a volatile oil, (Oleum Juniperi.) This is 
separated by distillation, and is of a pale, greenish- 
yellow color. 

What is the character of juniper, as a diuretic, and 
what are its therapeutical applications, as such ? 

It is a stimulating diuretic, imparting to the urine 
the odor of violets. It is chiefly used as an adjunct 
to other diuretics, in dropsical diseases. 

How are they best given, and what is the dose? 

Best given in infusion, made by pouring a pint of 
boiling water on an ounce of the berries, and allow- 
ing it to stand till cold. The whole pint may be 
taken in the course of the day. Frequently associated 
with cream of tartar. Dose of the oil, from 5 to 15 
drops. 

FLEABANE. 

What is officinal fleabane ? 

All parts of the Erigeron Philadelphicunij E. 
heterophyllum,) &c, herbaceous, indigenous plants. 

What are the sensible properties of the herb, and its 
relations to w T ater and alcohol ? 

It has an aromatic odor, and a slightly bitterish 
taste. It impaits its virtues to boiling water and to 
alcohol. 

What are its medical properties and uses ? 

It is a diuretic, used in dropsy, gravel, and other 
nephritic affections. 

How is it administered, and what is the dose? 

Given in decoction, made with §j. to Oj., the 
whole to be taken during the day. 

WILD CARROT— CAROTA. 

What is this officinally? 
The seeds of the Daucus Carota. 
What is the character of this plant, and where does 
it grow ? 
It is a perrenial, herbaceous plant, closely resem- 



200 DIURETICS. 

bring the common garden carrot, which is the same 
plant, somewhat altered by cultivation. It grows wild 
in Europe, and in this country, along fences and in 
neglected fields, which, in the months of June and 
July, are sometimes white with its flowers. 

What are the physical and chemical properties of 
the seeds? 

They are small, compressed, ovate, of a brownish 
color, with a strong, aromatic odor and taste, which 
depend on a volatile oil. Boiling water extracts their 
virtues. 

What are their medical properties and uses ? 

They are aromatic and diuretic ; used in chronic, 
nephritic affections, and in dropsy. 

How is it used, and what is the dose? 

Given in decoction, prepared with half an ounce of 
the seeds, and a pint of water ; the whole taken in 24 
hours. 

What are the external applications of the root of 
the garden carrot ? 

In the form of a poultice, prepared by scraping, it 
is sometimes applied to phagedenic and cancerous ul- 
cers, to correct their fetor, and to change the character 
of the diseased action. When boiled and mashed, it 
forms a mild, emollient cataplasm. 

PARSLEY ROOT— PET ROSELINUM. 

What are the medical properties and uses of this? 

The root of the Apium Petroselinum, or common 
garden parsley, possesses the properties of a diuretic 
and aperient, and is occasionally used as an adjuvant 
to more active diuretics, in dropsical and nephritic af- 
fections. 

How is it used, and what is the dose ? 

Usually given in the form of a strong infusion, 
without regard to quantity. 

TURPENTINE.— TEREBINTHINA. 
What is this? 
The juice of different species of Pinus Abies , fyc. 



DIURETICS. 201 

What are the varieties mostly used in this country ? 
American or white turpentine, and Canada tur- 
pentine. 

1. White Turpentine. — Terebinthina of the U. 
S. Pharm. From what tree is this derived? 

Chiefly from the Pinus palustris, a large tree grow- 
ing in the southern parts of the United States. 

How is it collected ? 

In the winter months, holes are cut into the trunk 
of the tree near the ground, into which the juice 
flows during the warm season, and from which it is 
transferred into casks for market. 

What are its physical properties, as found in the 
shops ? 

It is of a white color, tinged with yellow, slightly 
translucent, and: of a consistence which varies with 
the temperature. Its odor is characteristic, and its 
taste warm, pungent and bitterish. 

2. Canada Turpentine. — Terebinthina Canaden- 
sis. What is this commonly called, and from w T hat is 
it derived ? 

Kept in the shops under the name of Canada bal- 
sam, or balsam of Jir. It is derived from the Abies 
balsamifcra, or Pinus balsamea, an elegant tree grow- 
ing in Canada and the Northern States, and cultivated 
as an ornamental tree, under the name of Balm of 
Gilead. 

Where is it found in the tiee, and how is it col- 
lected ? 

It is contained in vesicles situated between the 
bark and wood, of the trunk and branches. These 
are ruptured, and their liquid contents received into a 
bottle. 

What are its physical properties ? 

When fresh, it is yellowish, transparent, and of the 
consistence of thin honey ; but it gradually concretes, 
by time and exposure, into a yellow, resinous looking 
mass. Its odor is agreeably terebinthinate, and its 
taste bitterish and somewhat acrid. 



202 DIURETICS. 

What are the chemical properties of the turpen- 
tines ? 

They consist of resin and a peculiar volatile oil, 
called oil of turpentine , in the latter of which, their 
virtues reside. By exposure to the air, they become 
thick, and ultimately solid, owing to the volatilization 
and oxidation of a portion of their essential oil. Ex- 
posed to heat, they soften, and at a high temperature, 
take five, burning with a white flame and much 
smoke. They are very slightly soluble in water, but 
wholly so in alcohol and ether. 

What are their therapeutical effects and uses? 

They are stimulant, diuretic, anthelmintic, and, in 
large doses, laxative. Applied externally, they act as 
rubefacients. They are occasionally given in the ad- 
vanced stages of gonorrhoea and cystitis; in gleet and 
leucorrhcea; in chronic catarrh, chronic inflammations 
and ulcerations of the bowels, rheumatism, &c. Some- 
times used as an injection, in cases of ascarides, and 
constipation, with flatulence, § ss. or § j. being sus- 
pended in Oss. of some mucilaginous fluid, by means 
of the yolk of an egg. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 

Dose, from 10 grains to 5j.; given in pill or emul- 
sion. . 

Oil of Turpentine. — Oleum Terebinthince. What 
are its effects on the urinary organs ? 

In small doses, frequently repeated, it stimulates 
the renal vessels, causing an increased flow of urine, 
to which it imparts a violet odor. It also exerts a 
specific action on the mucous membrane of the urina- 
ry passages, checking excessive mucous discharges, 
and restoring tonicity to the secretory-vessels. In small 
doses, too long continued, it is apt to produce stran- 
gury and bloody urine. 

What are its remedial uses in reference to the urin- 
ary organs ? 

It is employed in chronic nephritis and cystitis ; in 



DIURETICS. 203 

obstinate gleet and leucorrhoea, and sometimes in 
dropsical effusions, from debility. 

What is the dose as a diuretic ? 

From 10 to 20 drops, 2 or 3 times a day. 

Resin. — Resina. What is this? 

Resin, commonly called rosin, is the residuum after 
the distillation of the oil from turpentine. 

What are the varieties of resin, and the difference 
between them ? 

Two varieties : the yellow and white resin ; the 
latter owing its distinctive qualities to the water it 
contains. 

What are its physical and chemical properties ? 

It is a semi-transparent, brittle solid, varying from 
pale yellow to brownish-black, according to purity ; 
and of a faint, terebinthinate odor and taste. It is 
rendered adhesive by a moderate heat, and fuses at 
276°F. It is insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol 
and ether, and unites readily, by fusion, with wax and 
the fixed oils. Its ultimate constituents are, carbon, 
oxygen and hydrogen. 

What are its uses ? 

It is never given internally. It enters, as an im- 
portant ingredient, in several plasters, cerates, and 
ointments, rendering them more excitant and adhe- 
sive. It forms the basis of basilicon ointment or resin 
cerate — Ceratum Resince. 

What are the uses of this cerate ? 

Used as a gentle stimulant application, to blistered 
surfaces, to keep up a discharge ; to indolent ulcers, 
burns, &c. 

TAR.— PIX LIQUIDA. 

Where, and from what, is this prepared ? 

In the United States, it is prepaied principally in 
North Carolina and the south-eastern parts of Vir- 
ginia, from the dead wood of the Pinus palustris. 

What are its physical and chemical properties ? 

It is a thick, tenacious liquid ; of a dark-brown, al- 



204 DIURETICS. 

most black color, with a peculiar odor, and a bitter, 
somewhat acrid taste. Its most important constituent 
is creasote. It contains, also, a large proportion of 
resin, a little acetic acid, an empyreumatic oil, and 
charcoal. It yields its virtues partially to water, form- 
ing an officinal infusion, called tar ivater — Aqua Picis 
Liquidce. Dub. 

What are its medical properties and uses? 

It is said to possess properties similar to those of the 
turpentines. It is sometimes given in chronic coughs. 
Tar water was first introduced by Bishop Berkley, as 
a remedy for diseases of the chest and kidneys. Not 
much esteemed at present. The vapors of tar, occa- 
sionally inhaled with benefit in chronic laryngitic and 
bronchitic affections, and were at one time highly 
spoken of as a remedy for phthisis. The chief use of 
tar, at the present day, is as a local stimulant in 
chronic cutaneous diseases, especially those which 
affect the scalp, as tinea capitis. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 

Dose, from f5ss. to f 5 j . , made into pills with 
wheat flour, or into an electuary with sugar; dose of 
tar water, Oj. or Oij., daily. 

How is it applied externally ? 

The vapors applied by placing tar over a lamp, in 
some suitable vessel, and boiling it slowly in the 
chamber, night and day. The previous addition of 
carbonate of potash to the tar, is advised, to neutralize 
the pyroligneous acid, which might otherwise excite 
coughing. Applied in eruptive diseases, in the form 
of an ointment, (Unguentum Picis Liquids.) 

Creasote. — Creasotum. What is this? 

A peculiar substance, prepared usually from tar, by 
a complicated process. 

What are its physical properties? 

When pure, it is a colorless, transparent, oleaginous 
liquid, of the consistence of oil of almonds, and the 
sp. gr. 1.037; volatile, having a smoky odor, and a 
bitter, acrid, somewhat caustic taste. 



DIURETICS. 205 

What are its chemical properties ? 

It is a compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 
It forms two compounds with water : one a solution 
of 1.25 parts of creasote in 100 of water ; the other, a 
solution of 10 parts of water in 100 of creasote. It 
mixes in all proportions with alcohol, ether and acetic 
acid. It coagulates albumen, and is a powerful anti- 
septic. 

What are its medical properties and uses? 

Various properties have been imputed to it, and 
hence, it has been employed for a contrariety of pur- 
poses. The following are some of the diseases in 
which it has been used : diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, 
neuralgia, hysteria, haemoptysis, haematemesis, and 
phthisis. Highly efficacious in sea-sickness, and in 
allaying nausea and vomiting in other cases, when 
not dependent on inflammation or other organic dis- 
ease. Applied externally, in itch, tetters, burns, chil- 
blains, indolent and gangrenous ulcers, and from its 
power to coagulate albumen, as a styptic in capillary 
hemorrhages. Used as a gargle in putrid sore throat ; 
as an injection in fistulous ulcers, and in chronic sup- 
puration of the external meatus of the ear. In tooth- 
ache it is a valuable remedy. 

What is the dose and mode of administration? 

Dose, 1 or 2 drops, in mucilage. 

How is it applied externally ? 

Applied in the form of ointment or aqueous solu- 
tion, made with from 2 to 6 drops to the ounce of dis- 
tilled water. 

COPAIBA. 

What is this ? 

Copaiba, commonly called balsam of copaiva, is 
the juice of different species of Copaifera, growing 
in South America. 

How is it procured from the trees ? 

By making deep incisions into the stems, through 
which it flows out, and is collected and poured into 
small casks for exportation. 
18 



206 



DIURETICS. 



What are its physical properties ? 

When first procured, it is very thin and colorless; 
but as usually met with in the shops, it is of the con- 
sistence of olive oil, and of a pale yellowish color, 
with a peculiar, and to many persons, disagreeable 
odor, and a bitter, hot, nauseous taste. 

What are its chemical properties ? 

Its chief constituents are, volatile oil and resin, in 
nearly equal proportions. It contains no benzoic acid, 
and is therefore improperly called balsam of copaiva. 
The oil is thought to be the active ingredient, and 
may be separated by distillation. When pure, it is 
colorless; has the odor and taste of copaiba; is lighter 
than water, and possesses the power of preserving po- 
tassium, being free from oxygen. Copaiba is insolu- 
ble in water ; soluble in alcohol. Exposed to the air, 
it gradually thickens, and becomes darker colored. 
Triturated with about a sixteenth of its weight of 
magnesia, it becomes sufficiently consistent, in the 
course of 6 or 8 hours, to be made into pills, thus 
constituting the officinal pills of copaiba — Pilules 
Copaibce. U. S. 

What are its medical properties and therapeutical 
applications ? 

It is a special stimulant to the mucous membrane, 
its action being particularly directed to the bladder and 
urethra. Its use is sometimes followed by an erup- 
tion on the skin resembling urticaria. In very large 
doses, it vomits and purges. Used in gonorrhoea, 
leuconhcea, gleet, chronic irritation and catarrh of the 
bladder, chronic dysentery, and in other chronic affec- 
tions of the mucous membranes. 

What are the modes of administration, and the dose 
of each? 

It is usually given dropped on sugar ; sometimes in 
emulsion with mucilage, sugar and mint, or cinna- 
mon water. It is sometimes administered also, en- 
closed in capsules of gelatin, to conceal its taste. 
Dose, from 10 to 30 diops, 3 times a day ; dose of the 



DIURETICS. 207 

volatile oil, 5 to 15 drops ; of the officinal pills, 2 to 
6, each one containing nearly 5 grains of copaiba. 

SPANISH FLIES.— CANTHARIS. 

What are the effects of these on the system ? 

In small or medicinal doses, they act as a stimulant 
to the nrino-genital organs, producing diuresis, and 
exciting the venerial appetite. In large doses, they 
are apt to produce strangury, with severe pain and the 
dischajge of bloody urine ; and in still larger ones, 
they act as a powerful irritant poison. 

What are their remedial uses internally ? 

They have been given in amenorrhea ; in dropsy, 
associated with debility ; in gleet, leucorrhosa, semi- 
nal weakness, incontinence of urine, arising from par- 
tial paralysis of the bladder, &c. 

What is the dose of the powder, and of the officinal 
tincture — Tinctura Cantharidis 9 

Dose of the powder, 1 grain ; of the tincture, from 
10 drops to f 5 j., repeated 3 or 4 times a day, in some 
demulcent fluid. 

CARBONATE OF POTASSA.— POTASSA CARBONAS. 

What is the source and mode of preparing this salt? 

An impure carbonate of potassa — Potassce Carbo- 
nas Impurus — is obtained from wood ashes, by lixi- 
vation and evaporation. If the lixivium, when evap- 
orated to the consistence of brown sugar, be fused by 
a powerful heat, it constitutes potash of commerce ; 
but if it be calcined, a rather purer salt results, called 
pearlash. The carbonate of potassa is prepared by 
purifying pearlash, which is effected by dissolving it in 
cold water; filtering the solution, and evaporating it in 
an iron vessel until the salt granulates on being stirred. 

How is the pure carbonate of potassa — Potassa 
Carbonas Purus — prepared ? 

By burning a mixture of powdered cream of tartar 



208 DIURETICS. 

and nitre, in a brass vessel, and preparing the pure 
carbonate from the residue, in the same manner as the 
carbonate is prepared from pearlash. This is called 
salt of tartar, from its origin. 

What are the physical and chemical properties of 
the carbonate of the shops ? 

It is in the form of a coarse, white, granular pow- 
der ; is inodorous, but has a nauseous, alkaline taste. 
It has an alkaline re-action ; attracts moisture from 
the air, rapidly deliquescing and becoming liquid. It 
is soluble in its own weight of water, and its solution, 
on exposure to the air, or on the addition of an acid, 
deposits flocculi of hydrate of silica. It is insoluble 
in alcohol. 

What are its medical uses ? 

It is occasionally used as a diuretic, in dropsy ; as 
an antacid, in dyspepsia, and as an antilithic, in ex- 
cessive secretions of uric acid. It is sometimes used, 
also, in jaundice; but its most important use is in the 
formation of the neutral mixture, and the effervescing 
draught. 

What is the dose and mode of administration? 

Dose, from 10 to 30 grains, in sweetened water. 

BICARBONATE OF POTASSA.— POTASS^ BICARBONAS. 

How is the bicarbonate prepared ? 

By passing carbonic acid through a solution of the 
carbonate, till it is fully saturated, then filtering, and 
evaporating the solution, with a moderate heat, until 
crystals form. 

What are its physical and chemical properties? 

It is in the form of white crystals, which have no 
odor, but a mild, alkaline taste. It is composed of 2 
eq. of carbonic acid, 1 of potassa, and 1 of water. It 
is permanent in the air; exposed to a red heat, part of 
the carbonic acid is driven off, and it is reduced to the 
state of carbonate. It is soluble in four parts of cold 



DIURETICS. 209 

water, and in less than its weight of boiling water, 
with the loss of a portion of its carbonic acid. 

What are its advantages over the carbonate? 

It is less unpleasant to the taste, and more accepta- 
ble to the stomach. 

What is the dose? 

From 5 ss. to 5j. 

ACETATE OF POTASSA.— POTASS^ ACETAS 

How is this prepared ? 

Distilled vinegar or acetic acid is added to a solu- 
tion of carbonate of potassa, when, by the aid of a 
gentle heat, the carbonic acid is displaced by the 
acetic, and escapes with effervescence. The solution 
is then evaporated, and the pellicles, as they form on 
the surface, are scraped off and dried. 

Wliat are its physical properties ? 

It is usually met with in white flakes, of a satiny 
appearance, and a soapy feel ; is without odor, but has 
a warm, saline taste. 

What is the effect of exposure^ and its solubility in 
water ? 

It deliquesces rapidly on exposure, and is very sol- 
uble in water. 

What aie its medical properties and uses? 

It is diuretic, and in large doses, cathartic. It is 
given in dropsy, and under the old name of sal diu- 
reticus, was highly celebrated as a diuretic in that 
disease. 

What is the dose? 

As a diuretic, from 9j. to 3 j., every 2 or 3 hours. 

BITARTRATE OF POTASSA.— POTASS^ BITARTRAS. 

What is its character as a diuretic ? 
In small doses, largely diluted with water, it is one 
of the most efficient saline diuretics. 

What are its remedial applications as such? 

18* 



210 DIURETICS. 

It is much used in dropsical diseases. 
What is the dose ? 

As a diuretic, from § j. to § ij. may be taken daily, 
in divided doses. 



TITRATE OF POTASSA.— POTASSjE NITRAS. 

What are the therapeutical applications of nitre as 
a diuretic? 

It is applicable to cases of anasarca and ascites, con- 
nected with a phlogistic condition of the system. 

What is the dose? 

As a diuretic, from 10 to 20 grains, repeated so as 
to amount to 5 j. or 3 ij. in the day. 

What are its effects on the stomach, when too long 
continued ? 

It is apt to derange the digestive functions, and pro- 
duce pain in the stomach. 

SPIRIT OF NITRIC ETHER.— SPIRITUS ^THERIS 
NITRICI. 

What is this commonly called, and how is it pre- 
pared ? 

Commonly called sweet spirit of nitre. It may be 
prepared by distilling a mixture, in due proportions, of 
alcohol and nitric acid. According to the U. S. Phar., 
it is distilled from a mixture of nitrate of potassa, 
sulphuric acid and alcohol, and then re-distilled from 
carbonate of potassa, to free it from acid, a small 
quantity of diluted alcohol being previously added, to 
preserve the measure. 

What are its physical and chemical properties? 

It is a colorless liquid, with a fragrant, ethereal odor, 
and a pungent, sweetish, acidulous taste. Its sp. gr. 
is 0.834. It is very volatile and inflammable, and 
mixes with water and alcohol in all proportions. It 
gradually becomes acid by keeping. It is a mixture of 
hyponitrous ether and alcohol, in variable proportions. 



DIAPHORETICS. 211 

What are the adulterations? 

Frequently adulterated with alcohol and water. 

What is its character, and therapeutical application, 
as a diuretic? 

It is a mildly stimulating diuretic; given in dropsy, 
usually combined with other diuretics, such as squill, 
digitalis, nitre, cream of tartar, &c. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 

Dose, from f 3 ss. to f 3 ij. every 2 or 3 hours, in 
water. 



XL DIAPHORETICS. 

What are these ? 

Medicines which augment the cutaneous exhala- 
tion. When they increase it to such a degree as to 
amount to sweating, they are called sudorifics. 

What are their modes of operation ? 

Obstructed perspiration may be associated with two very 
opposite states of the system — with an excited or languid 
circulation. In the first case, as in fevers, the surface of 
the body is morbidly hot and the cutaneous capillaries 
are constricted ; here medicines act as diaphoretics, by 
lowering the action of the heart and arteries, and re- 
laxing the constricted capillaries. In this way the 
antimonials and saline diaphoretics act, and w T hen 
the arterial excitement is high, their operation will be 
promoted by venesection. It is in this way, too, that 
the warm bath, and cold affusions are thought to pro- 
mote perspiration in fevers, and cold diluent drinks 
act partly by a refrigerant influence propagated from 
the stomach to the capillary system, and partly by fill- 
ing the blood-vessels. In the second case, those me- 
dicines which stimulate the cutaneous capillaries, and 
increase, at the same time, the action of the vascular 
system, are most likely to prove diaphoretic, especially 



212 DIAPHORETICS. 

when their influence is invited to the surface, by keep- 
ing the body warm with flannel. The operation of 
these is promoted also by tepid drinks. 

How may they act beneficially in diseases ? 

In febrile and inflammatory affections, by depleting 
from the blood-vessels, and by exerting a sedative and 
equalizing influence over the circulation ; in dropsy, 
by promoting absorption indirectly ; and in many dis- 
eases, especially in some of those of the kidneys, by 
eliminating excrementitious and other noxious matter 
from the blood. 

What is Dr. Wood's division of diaphoretics? 

He considers them under the three heads of 1, nau- 
seating diaphoretics; 2, refrigerant diaphoretics; 
and 3, alterative diaphoretics. 

1. Nauseating Diaphoretics. 

What are these ? 

Most emetic medicines are diaphoretic in small 
doses, but ipecacuanha and tartar emetic are the two 
principally used. 

IPECACUANHA. 

What is the dose and mode of administering ipe- 
cacuanha as a diaphoretic? 

Dose, 1 grain, several times a day, but it is rarely 
given alone ; usually in combination with opium, in 
the form of the officinal Powder of Ipecacuanha and 
Opium — Pulvis Ipecacuanha et Opii, commonly 
called Dover^s Poivdcr. 

How is this prepared ? 

By rubbing powdered opium and ipecacuanha, each 
one drachm, with an ounce of sulphate of potassa to 
a very fine powder. 

What is the object of the sulphate of potassa? 

It is used to effect, by its hardness, a minute divi- 



DIAPHORETICS. 213 

sion and consequent intimate union of the other ingre- 
dients. 

What is its character as a diaphoretic ? 

It is one of our most efficient diaphoretics. The 
opium is said to stimulate the vessels of the skin, 
while ipecacuanha relaxes them, making the com- 
bined effect much greater than that of either, taken 
separately. The stimulating influence of the opium 
on the brain and general system, is so modified or 
counteracted by the ipecacuanha, as that the mixture 
may be given with safety in cases where the opium 
alone would be inadmissible. 

What are its therapeutical applications ? 

It is useful in rheumatism; typhoid pneumonia, 
dysentery, diarrhoea, hemorrhages, dropsy, and in 
most other cases where diaphoresis is indicated. Con- 
tra-indicated by sick or irritable stomach, by cerebral 
disturbance, or much general excitement. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 

Ordinary dose, 10 grains, which contain one grain 
each, of opium and ipecacuanha. Given in pill or 
bolus, or mixed with syrup, and the patient not per- 
mitted to drink for sometime afterwards, as a precau- 
tion against vomiting. 

TARTRATE OF ANTIMONY AND POTASSA.— ANTIMO- 
NII ET POTASS^ TARTRAS. 

What are its therapeutical applications as a dia- 
phoretic ? 

It is applicable to febrile complaints, and some cu- 
taneous diseases. 

What is the dose and mode of administering it as a 
diaphoretic? 

Dose, from T V to J of a grain — given in a large 
quantity of water, and repeated every hour or two. 
Frequently associated with saline remedies, as nitre. 
Its diaphoretic effects greatest when it induces nausea. 



214 DIAPHORETICS. 

2. Refrigerant Diaphoretics. 
CITRATE OF POTASSA.— POTASS^ CITRAS. 

How is this salt prepared ? 

It is readily prepared by saturating" a solution of citric 
acid with carbonate of potassa, but it is usually prepared 
extemporaneously in solution, as in the formation of 
the neutral mixture and effervescing draught. 

How are these prepared ? 

The neutral mixture made by saturating Oss. of 
fresh lemon-juice, with carbonate of potassa, or by 
dissolving § ss. of citric acid in Oss. of water, and 
adding nxij. of oil of lemons, and sufficient carbonate 
of potassa to saturate the acid. 

The effervescing draught may be made by adding 
f § ss. of a solution of carbonate of potassa, containing 
15 grains of the salt, to f |j. of a mixture of equal 
parts of lemon-juice and water, or of a solution of 
citric acid of the same strength, and the whole taken 
in the state of effervescence. 

What is the cause of its sometimes failing to effer- 
vesce, and how may this be secured ? 

It is owing to the weakness of the lemon-juice, 
which unites with only a part of the potassa, and the 
liberated carbonic acid instead of escaping, combines 
with the remaining carbonate, forming the bicarbo- 
nate. This may be remedied by adding more lemon- 
juice. 

What are the therapeutical applications of these so- 
lutions of citrate of potassa? 

They are used as refrigerant diaphoretics in fevers, 
and where these are attended with irritability of 
stomach, the effervescing draught is especially useful. 

What is the dose of the neutral mixture? 

Half a fluidounce every hour or two. 

SOLUTION OF ACETATE OF AMMONIA— LIQUOR AM- 
MONIA ACETATIS. 

What is this commonly called, and how is it prepared? 



DIAPHORETICS. 215 

Commonly called spiritus Mindereri, or spirit of 
Mindererus. Prepared by saturating diluted acetic 
acid with carbonate of ammonia. 

What is the objection to the use of common vine- 
gar in its preparation ? 

It furnishes a solution of variable strength, and of 
a brownish color. 

What are its sensible properties? 

When pure, it is limpid and colorless, with a faint 
odor and a cooling, saline taste. 

What are its therapeutical applications as a dia- 
phoretic ? 

It is applicable to febrile and inflammatory affec- 
tions. 

What is the dose ? 

From f § ss. to f § j., repeated every 3 or 4 hours? 

NITRATE OF POTASSA— POTASS^ NITRAS. 

What are the therapeutical applications of nitre as 
a diaphoretic. 

It is thought to be useful in febrile and inflamma- 
tory diseases. Usually combined with tartar emetic. 



SPIRIT OF NITRIC ETHER.— SPIRITUS ^ETHERIS 
NITRICI. 



What are its therapeutical applications as a dia- 
phoretic ? 

It is said to be adapted to febrile complaints, attend- 
ed with nervous derangement, or typhoid tendencies, 
and especially for such occurring in children. Some 
claim for it, excitant properties, rendering it unsuitable 
in fevers. 

What is the dose ? 

From f 3 ss. to f 3 j., every 2 or 3 hours. 



216 DIAPHORETICS. 

3. Alterative Diaphoretics. 

GUAIACUM WOOD.— GUAIACI LIGNUM. 

GUAIAC.— GUAIACUM. 

What are these? 

The wood and concrete juice of the Guaiacum 
officinale. 

What is the character of this tree, and its place of 
growth ? 

It is a large tree growing in the West Indies. 

What are the physical properties of the wood? 

Guaiacum ivood, commonly called Lignum vita, 
is imported in logs or billets, which consist of a pale 
yellow sap-wood, (alburnum,) and a dark green heart- 
wood, (duramen ; ) it is extremely hard and heavy, 
sinking in water; is without smell, unless when rubbed 
or heated, when it has an aromatic odor. Its taste is 
bitterish and acrid. It is kept in the shops in the state 
of shavings, derived from the workshop of the turner. 

What are its relations to water and alcohol ? 

Its virtues, which depend chiefly upon the resin or 
guaiac which it contains, are extracted by alcohol ; 
but only partially by water. 

What are the different modes of obtaining the 
guaiac ? 

It is obtained from the tree as a spontaneous exuda- 
tion, or by incisions made into it ; from the wood, by 
boring a hole through the billets lengthwise, and heat- 
ing one end in the fire, until the resin melts and flows 
out at the other ; or by boiling the chips and raspings 
of the wood, in a strong solution of common salt, 
and skimming off the resin as it rises to the surface. 

What are its physical and chemical properties ? 

Guaiac is met with in the shops in irregular, semi- 
transparent, brittle lumps, breaking with a shining, vitre- 
ous fracture, of a diversified color, becoming greenish 
on exposure to the light and air. The odor and taste are 



DIAPHORETICS. 217 

similar to, but stronger than those of the wood. It is 
said to be a substance sui generis, and not a gum-resin, as 
usually considered. Water dissolves about 9 per cent., 
alcohol 95 ; soluble also in ether, and in alkaline solu- 
tions. 

What are their medical properties and uses ? 

Guaiac and guaiacum wood are stimulating dia- 
phoretics, used in chronic, rheumatic and gouty affec- 
tions ; in amenorrhea, secondary syphilis, chronic 
diseases of the skin and scrofulous affections. 

What are the modes of administration, and the 
doses ? 

Guaiacum wood is usually given in decoction, 
which may be made by boiling an ounce of the 
shavings in a pint and a half of water, down to a 
pint, the whole of which may be taken in divided 
doses during the day. Guaiac is given in substance, 
or in the form of one of the officinal tinctures. Dose 
of the powder, from 10 to 30 grains, given in pill or 
emulsion ; of the tinctures, Tinctura Guaiaci, and 
Tinctura Guaiaci Ammojiiata, f 5 j. or fsij., in 
milk, sweetened water, or mucilage. 

MEZEREON.— MEZERIUM. 

What is this? 

The bark of the Daphne Mezereum, and other 
specimens of Daphne, shrubs growing in Great Britain, 
and in central and northern Europe. 

What are its physical properties as met with in the 
shops ? 

The bark, which is derived chiefly from the branch- 
es, is in strips of greater or less length, folded in bun- 
dles, or wrapped in balls. It is tough, pliable and 
fibrous, with a brown epidermis, and a whitish inner 
bark. Its odor is faint, nauseous when fresh, and its 
taste, at first, sweetish, afterwards extremely acid. 

What are its most interesting ingredients, and their 
relations to water and alcohol ? 
19 



218 DIAPHORETICS. 

It contains a peculiar crystalizable principle called 
daphniUy and an acrid resin, to the latter of which its 
virtues are chiefly owing. These are extracted by 
alcohol and boiling water. 

What are its effects on the system, and its reme- 
dial applications as a diaphoretic? 

In medical doses, it is an excitant diaphoretic ; in 
over doses, an acrid poison ; applied to the skin it 
excites inflammation and vesication. It is occasion- 
ally used in secondary syphilis, chronic cutaneous dis- 
eases, &c. 

How is it usually given, and what is the dose ? 

Given in decoction, made by boiling 3 ij. of mezer- 
eon and § ss. of liquorice root in Oiij. of water to 
Oij., the dose of which is f § iv., or a tea-cupful 3 or 
4 times a day. It enters into the composition of the 
Compound Decoction of Sarsaparilla. 

SASSAFRAS. 

What are the officinal portions of the Laurus Sas- 
safras 9 

The bark of the root — Sassafras Radicis Cortex — 
and the pith of the stems — Sassafras Medulla^ — are 
officinal in the U. S. Pharm. 

Bark of Sassafras Root. What are the physical 
properties of the bark as found in the shops, and its 
relations to water and alcohol ? 

Usually found in small irregular pieces, very brittle, 
of a reddish color, a fragrant odor, and a sweetish aro- 
matic taste. Water and alcohol extract its virtues, 
which depend upon a volatile oil, (Oleum Sassa- 
fras.) 

How is this obtained, and what are its properties ? 

Obtained by distillation with water. It is of a yel- 
low color, becoming reddish by age; has the odor of 
sassafras, and a warm, pungent aromatic taste. It is 
one of the heaviest of the volatile oils (sp. gr. 1.094,) 
and possesses the power to dissolve caoutchouc. 



DIAPHORETICS. 219 

What are its medical properties and uses? 

Sassafras is a stimulant diaphoretic, occasionally- 
used in the form of infusion, as an alterative drink in 
chronic rheumatism, cutaneous eruptions, and syphili- 
tic and scoibutic affections, but it is chiefly used as an 
ingredient of the Compound Decoction of Sarsapa- 
rilla. 

What is the dose of the oil? 

From 2 to 10 drops. 

Sassafras Pith. What are the properties and uses 
of this? 

It is in slender cylindrical pieces, which are very- 
light and spongy, and have a mucilaginous taste, with 
a slight flavor of sassafras. It abounds in gummy 
matter and forms with water a limpid mucilage. This 
is used as a mild and soothing application in ophthal- 
mia, and as a drink in inflammation of the mucous 
membranes. 

How is the mucilage made ? 

By adding 3 j. of the pith to Oj. of boiling water. 

SARSAPARILLA. 

What is this ? 

The roots of several species of Smilax, as & offi- 
cinalis, S. syphilitica, <$ % c. 

What is the general character of these plants, and 
where do they grow? 

They have a climbing prickly stem, and a rhizoma 
sending out numerous long, horizontal roots or radi- 
cals, which constitute the sarsaparilla of the shops. 
They inhabit the warm regions of South America, 
Mexico and Guatemala. The & sarsaparilla is a 
native of the Southern States, but is thought to be a 
doubtful source of the sarsaparilla of the shops. 

What are the commercial varieties, and the places 
from which they are imported ? 

The variety mostly used in this country is the Hon- 
duras sarsaparilla, so called from its place of export. 



220 DIAPHORETICS. 

Two other varieties are met with here, the Vera Cruz 
sarsaparilla, imported from Vera Cruz and Tampico, 
and the Caracas sarsaparilla, brought from La 

Guayra. 

In what state is it imported, and what are its physi- 
cal properties as found in the shops ? 

The roots are brought folded in bundles, and packed 
in bales containing about 100 lbs. each. As met with 
in the shops, they are several feet long, about the 
thickness of a goose-quill, flexible, and wrinkled 
longitudinally. They consist of a thin epidermis, of 
a dirty ash or reddish-brown color ; a thick whitish or 
rose colored inner bark — a layer of longitudinal 
woody fibres, and a central pith. It has scarcely 
any odor, but a mucilaginous bitterish taste, with a 
sense of acridity when long chewed. 

What are its chemical properties ? 

It contains a peculiar acrid, crystalizable principle, 
upon which its virtues are supposed to depend, and to 
which several names have been given, as smilacin, 
sarsaparillin, &c. It contains also volatile oil, resin, 
a large proportion of starch, &c. Its virtues, which 
reside chiefly in the cortical portion, are extracted by 
water, cold or hot, but are impaired by long boiling. 
They are imparted also to diluted alcohol. 

What are its therapeutical applications? 

It is employed, as an alterative, in chronic cutane- 
ous and scrofulous affections, but chiefly in syphilitic 
and mercurio-syphilitic cases. 

How is it used, and what is the dose? 

It is occasionally given in powder, in the dose of 
from 5 ss. to 5 j., but more frequently in the form of 
the officinal infusion, compound decoction, compound 
syrup or extract. 

Infusion of Sarsaparilla. — lnfusum Sarsaparillce. 
How is this prepared, and what is the dose? 

Prepared by macerating §j. in Oj. of boiling wa- 
ter, or by displacement with cold water. Dose, f § iv. 
to f § vj., 2 or 3 times a day. 



DIAPHORETICS. 221 

Compound Decoction of Sarsaparilla. — Decoctum 
Sarsaparilla^ Compositum. What is the composition 
and dose of this ? 

It is a decoction of sarsaparilla, bark of sassafras 
root, guaiacum wood, liquorice root, and mezereon. 
Dose, same as the preceding. 

Compound Syi*up of Sarsaparilla. — Syrupus Sar- 
saparilla Compositus. What is the composition and 
dose of this? 

It is prepared with sarsaparilla, guaiacum wood, 
red roses, senna, liquorice root, oil of sassafras, oil of 
anies, oil of partridge-berry, sugar and diluted alcohol. 
Dose, f § ss., 3 or 4 times a day. 

Extract of Sarsaparilla. — Extr actum Sarsaparil- 
Im. How is this prepared, and what is the dose ? 

Prepared by displacement, or by means of alcohol 
and water, and evaporating to the proper consistence 
with a gentle heat. Dose, from 10 to 20 grains. 

How is the fluid extract of sarsaparilla prepared ? 

A simple method is, to form a tincture with diluted 
alcohol by displacement, concentrate it by means of 
a water-bath, and then add a little alcohol to make il 
keep. 



19* 



XII. EXPECTORANTS. 

What are these defined to be ? 

" Medicines which increase the secretion from the 
mucous membrane of the air cells and air passages of 
the lungs, or facilitate its discharge." 

How are they conceived to act? 

They may increase the secretion by relaxing the 
secretory vessels when in a state of constriction, or 
by stimulating them to increased action when in a 
state of debility, either by a direct influence, or by 
sympathy with other parts of the system, as with the 
stomach, larynx, &c. Stimulating medicines may 
promote expectoration also, when, from debility, the 
bronchial secretion is excessive, or of an unhealthy 
character, by imparting tone to the secretory vessels, thus 
diminishing the quantity or altering the quality of the 
secretion, and bringing it within the power of the 
patient to discharge ; or by imparting strength to the 
muscles concerned in expectoration, thus enabling 
them to act more vigorously in its discharge. Emetics 
also, by the concussion which they occasion in the act 
of vomiting, favor the expulsion of mucous and other 
accumulations from the respiratory organs. 

What are the substances arranged under this head ? 

Some emetic substances, squill, garlic, seneka, black 
snakeroot, ammoniac, assafetida, balsam of tolu, and 
balsam of peru. 

EMETIC SUBSTANCES. 

Which of these are mostly used as expectorants, and 
to what cases are they applicable? 

Ipecacuanha and tartar emetic mostly employed, 
and their relating and sedative influence, especially 
when pushed to i»e extent of inducing nausea, adapt 
them for cases of irritation or inflammation of the 



EXPECTORANTS. 223 

lungs and bronchial mucous membrane. Lobelia oc- 
casionally given as a sedative expectorant in asthma, 
hooping cough, &c. 

What are the doses of these as expectorants? 

Of ipecacuanha, 1 or 2 grains; of wine of ipeca- 
cuanha, 30 drops ; of tartar emetic, gr. J ; of anti- 
monial wine, 15 to 20 drops ; of lobelia, 1 to 5 grains; 
of the tincture, f 3 ss. to f 3 j. 

SQUILL.— SCILLA. 

What are the therapeutical applications of squill as 
an expectorant? 

Being but little, if at all stimulant, it is given in 
the sub-acute and chronic stages of pulmonary inflam- 
mation ; in the former case, usually associated with 
tartar emetic or ipecacuanha; in the latter, with some 
of the stimulating expectorants. 

How is it given, and what is the dose? 

Sometimes employed in substance in the dose of 1 
grain, 3 or 4 times a day, but it is usually given in 
the form of the vinegar^ syrup, oxymel, or tincture. 
Dose of the vinegar, f 5 ss. to f 3 j. ; of the syrup or 
oxymel, from f 3 j/to f 5 ij. ; of the tincture, 20 to 40 
drops. 

What is the mode of preparing the syrup and oxy- 
mel from the vinegar ? 

The syrup prepared by adding sugar to the vinegar 
and boiling them by means of a water-bath, to the 
proper consistence. The oxymel prepared in ihe 
same way, clarified honey being substituted for the 
sugar. 

GARLIC— ALLIUM. 

What is this officinally ? 

The bulb of the Allium sativum, a native of the 
south of Europe, and cultivated in our gardens for 
culinary purposes. 

How are the bulbs prepared for market? 



224 EXPECTORANTS. 

They are dug up, with a portion of the sterr.^ttach- 
ed, dried in the sun, and tied together in bunches, for 
market. 

What are its physical properties, as found in the 
shops ? 

The bulb, which is somewhat spherical in shape, 
consists of several small bulbs, called cloves, grouped 
together within a common, dry, whitish, membranous 
covering. The cloves, which have each a separate co- 
vering, are white, fleshy and succulent, of a strong pe- 
culiar odor, and a pungent, acrid taste. 

What are its relations to water and alcohol, and 
what is its active ingredient? 

Water and alcohol extract its virtues, which depend 
on a volatile oil. 

What is its character as an expectorant, and its re- 
medial applications as such? 

Garlic is a stimulating expectorant, used in chronic 
catarrh, humoral asthma, and other pectoral affections, 
attended with a debilitated state of the secretory ves- 
sels. 

How is it administered, and what is the dose? 

Best given in the form of the expressed juice, mixed 
with sugar. Dose, f5ss. to f 3 j., for a child. Dose 
of the officinal syrup, f 5 j. to f 5 ij. 

SENEKA.— SENEGA. 

W T hatis this? 

Seneka, or seneka snakeroot, is the root of the Po- 
lygala Senega, an herbaceous, perennial plant, grow- 
ing in all parts of the United States, but most abun- 
dantly in the southern and western portions, where it 
is collected for market. 

What are the physical properties of the root, as met 
with in the shops? 

It is about the thickness of a writing pen, contorted, 
knotty and naked, with a projecting line extending 
along its whole length. The cortical portion is of a 



EXPECTORANTS. 225 

yellowish -brown j or greyish-brown color ; the central 
portion, whitish, woody and inert. The root has a 
faint, peculiar odor, and a taste at first mucilaginous, 
afterwards, nauseous and acrid. 

What are its relations to water and alcohol? 

Its virtues, which reside in the cortical portion, are 
extracted by water and alcohol. 

To what are its virtues ascribed? 

To a peculiar acrid principle, called senegin. 

What are its medical properties, and its therapeuti- 
cal applications as an expectorant? 

It is a stimulating expectorant, and diuretic, and in 
large doses, emetic and cathartic. Used in chronic 
catarrh, humoral asthma, in the latter stages of croup, 
and in the advanced stages of chronic bronchitis and 
pneumonia ; especially when occurring in the aged 
and debilitated. Contra-indicated by high inflamma- 
tory action. 

How is it administered, and what is the dose ? 

Rarely given in powder, — dose of which is from 10 
to 20 grains. Usually given in decoction, made by 
boiling § j. of the bruised root, with § j. of liquorice 
root, in Oiss. of water, to Oj., and given in the dose 
of f § j. or f | ij., 3 or 4 times a day. 

What is the composition, common name, and dose 
of the Compound Syrup of Squill , — Syrupus Scillce 
Compositus ? 

It is prepared with squill, seneka, tartar emetic, 
sugar and water. This, which was formerly prepared 
with honey instead of sugar, was called compound 
honey of squill, or more commonly Coxe's Hive 
Syrup. Dose, as an expectorant, for an adult, from 
20 to 30 drops. 

BLACK SNAKEROOT— CIMICIFUGA. 

What is this ofncinally ? 

The root of the Cimicifuga racemosa, sometimes 
called cohosh, an herbaceous, perennial plant, grow- 
ing in the woods, throughout the U. States. 



226 EXPECTORANTS. 

What are the physical properties of the root, and its 
relations to water and alcohol? 

It consists of a thick, rough head, with a number of 
slender radicles ; is of a dark-brown color, externally, 
whitish within, with a peculiar odor, and a bitter, as- 
tringent taste. It yields its virtues to boiling water 
and to alcohol. 

What are its therapeutical effects and applications? 

It is said to act as a tonic, and to promote, at the same 
time, most of the secretions. It has been used in 
dropsy, rheumatism, hysteria, chorea, and in various 
chronic affections of the lungs. 

How is it administered, and what is the dose? 

Given in powder and decoction. Dose of the pow- 
der, from 10 to 30 grains; of the decoction, made in 
the proportion of §j. to Oj., fgj. or f g ij., several 
times a day. 

AMMONIAC— AMMONIACUM. 

What is this ? 

The concrete juice of the Dorema Ammoniacum, 
an umbelliferous plant, growing in Persia. 

How is it collected, and by what route does it reach 
this country ? 

The juice exudes through innumerable punctures, 
made by beetles, and concretes on the stems, when it 
is picked off by the natives. It is sent to Bushire, 
thence to Bombay, or Calcutta, whence it is imported 
into this country. 

What are its physical properties? 

It comes either in roundish tears, or in masses com- 
posed of the tears agglutinated together. The tears 
are of yellowish color externally, whitish within ; hard, 
brittle and breaking with a shining fracture. The 
lumps are of a darker color, and presents, when broken, 
whitish tears, imbeded in a brownish substance, and 
often mixed with seeds, sand and other impurities. 
The odor is peculiar and nauseous; the taste bitter and 
disagreeable. 



EXPECTORANTS. 227 

What are its chemical properties ? 

It is a gum-resin, with a trace of volatile oil ; it is 
softened by heat, and is inflammable; it is miscible 
with water, forming a milky emulsion, the gum being 
dissolved, suspends the resin in the mixture. It is 
soluble in alcohol. 

What are its therapeutical applications ? 

It is used as a stimulating expectorant in chronic 
catarrh, asthma and other pectoral affections; in the 
absence of acute inflammation, to increase the secre- 
tion from the bronchial mucous membrane, when de- 
ficient, or to diminish it, when superabundant, from 
debility of the vessels. More used as an external 
stimulant, in the form of plaster, ( Emplastrum Am- 
moniaci,) to scrofulous tumors, chronic enlargement 
of the joints, indolent glandular swellings, &c. 

What is the dose, and mode of administration ? 

Dose, from 10 to 30 grains, usually given in emul- 
sion, sometimes in pill. 

What is the character and composition of the com- 
pound pills of squill? 

They are an excellent expectorant, composed of 
squill, ammoniac, ginger and soap. 

ASSAFETIDA.— ASSAFGETIDA. 

What are its properties and uses as an expectorant ? 

It is one of the most efficient expectorants, its stim- 
ulating and anti-spasmodic properties adapting it to 
spasmodic asthma, hooping-cough, chronic catarrh, 
chronic bronchitis, and other pectoral affections, with 
deficient nervous energy in the respiratory apparatus, 
without acute inflammation. 

What is the dose, and mode of administration ? 

Dose, from 5 to 15 grains, in pill or emulsion. 

BALSAM OF TOLU.— TOLUTANUM. 
What is this, and how procured ? 



228 EXPECTORANTS. 

It is the juice of the Myroxylon Toluiferum, a tree 
growing in tropical America. Incisions are made into 
the trunk of the tree, and the juice, which exudes., is 
received into suitable vessels, and allowed to concrete. 

What are its physical properties? 

When first imported, it is usually soft and tenacious, 
becoming- hard and brittle, like resin, by age. It is 
translucent, of a yellowish-brown color, and has a pe- 
culiar, fragrant odor, and a sweetish aromatic taste. 

What are its chemical properties? 

Its constituents are resin, volatile oil and benzoic 
acid, the latter, a characteristic ingredient of balsams. 
Exposed to the air, it becomes harder; to heat, it melts 
and inflames, burning with a very agreeable odor. 
Alcohol dissolves it wholly; boiling water, its benzoic 
acid. 

What are its therapeutical effects and uses ? 

It is a stimulating expectorant, and in consequence 
of its pleasant flavor, is much used as an adjunct to 
cough mixtures ; but it should not be used during in- 
flammatory action. In chronic catarrhal affections, 
the vapor of the ethereal solution, sometimes inhaled 
with benefit. 

What is the dose, and mode of administration ? 

Dose, from 10 to 30 grains, given in mucilage of 
gum arabic and sugar. The tincture sometimes given 
in the dose of f 5 j. or f 3 ij. ; but is said to be an ob- 
jectionable form for ordinary use, on account of the 
large proportion of alcohol which it contains. 

BALSAM OF PERU— MYROXYLON. 

What is the source, and mode of procuring Balsam 
of Peru? 

It is derived from the Myroxylon Peruiferum, a 
tall tree, growing in Peru, and other parts of tropical 
America. It is said to be obtained from the bark of 
the tree, by incisions, or from the bark and young 
branches, by decoction. By the former method, a bal- 



EMMENAGOGUES. 229 

sam is obtained, it is said, identical with the balsam of 
tolu, and by the latter, a dark colored liquid, called 
black Peruvian balsam or balsam of Peru. 

What are its physical and chemical properties? 

It is about the consistence of molasses, of a reddish- 
brown color, with a fragrant odor, and a warm, bitter- 
ish taste. Its chemical properties are the same with 
those of balsam of tolu. 

What are its remedial applications ? 

It has been used internally, as an excitant expecto- 
rant, in chronic, pulmonary and bronchial affections; 
and externally, as a stimulant to indolent ulcers. 

What is the dose, and mode of administration? 

Dose, f 5 ss., in emulsion. 

How is Benzoic Acid separated from the balsams, 
and what are its properties and uses ? 

Separated by sublimation; is in soft, white, feathery 
crystals, of an agreeable odor, and acrid, acidulous 
taste. Formerly used as a stimulating expectorant, 
now, only as an ingredient of paregoric elixir, and 
ammoniated tincture of opium. 



XIII. EMMENAGOGUES. 

How are these defined ? 

" Medicines which promote the menstrual secretion." 

What is their modus operandi? 

They are believed to act, either by entering the cir- 
culation and exerting a direct or specific influence over 
the uterine vessels, or by the propagation to these, 
sympathetically, an impression made upon other parts, 
as upon the rectum and bladder. Many deny the ex- 
istence of specific emmenagogues, and maintain, that 
amenorrhoea is generally the effect of some morbid 
state of the body, by removing which, they restore the 
menstrual secretion, only as relative agents. Thus, 
20 



230 EMMENAGOGUES. 

tonics and stimulants act in amenorrhcea, from gene- 
ral debility, and venesection, and other depletive mea- 
sures, in suppression from plethora or inflammation. 

What are the substances comprised in this class ? 

The preparations of iron, aloes, black hellebore, 
seneka, guaiac, savine and Spanish flies. 

PREPARATIONS OF IRON. 

What is the relative importance of these, as emmen- 
agogues, and to what cases are they applicable? 

They are considered to be among the most efficient 
of the class ; applicable to cases of amenorrboea, de- 
pendent on, or associated with, an asthenic condition 
of the system. 

ALOES— ALOE. 

What is the character of aloes, as an emmenagogue, 
and how is it supposed to act? 

Dr. Wood thinks it one of the most effectual em- 
menagogues, and that it acts both specifically upon 
the uteius, and, by a sympathetic extension of the irri- 
tation which it produces, on the rectum. 

To what cases is it applicable, and how is it used ? 

Adapted for cases of amenorrhcea, with constipation 
of the bowels, unaccompanied with hemorrhoids, or 
inflammation of the intestinal mucous membrane. 
Given in the dose of 1 or 2 grains, 2 or 3 times a day. 
Sometimes combined with myrrh, some of the prepa- 
rations of iron, &c. Often used in the form of ene- 
ma, just before the catamenial period. 

BLACK HELLEBORE.— HELLEBORUS NIGER. 

What is the character of this, as an emmenagogue? 

It is highly esteemed by some practitioners; exciting 
the uterus by sympathy with the rectum, and probably 
by a specific influence. 

How is it usually given as an emmenagogue, and 
what is the dose? 



EMMENAGOGUES. 231 

Usually given in tincture, in the dose of from f 3 ss. 
to f 3 j., 2 or 3 times a day. 

SENEKA— SENEGA. 

What is the character of seneka, as an emmena- 
gogue? 

It is said to excite, more or less, all of the secretions, 
and hence, may prove emmenagogue under some cir- 
cumstances. 

GUAIAC— GUAIACUM. 

What is its character as an emmenagogue? 

Dr. Dewees placed more reliance on it, in the cure 
of amenonhoea, than on any other remedy. Especial- 
ly useful in amenonhoea, associated with rheumatism 
of the neuralgic kind, and in dysmenorrhoea. 

How is it given, and what is the dose? 

Usually given in the form of one of the officinal 
tinctures, and in the dose of f 5 j., 3 or 4 times a day, 

SAVINE.— SABINA. 

What is this officinally? 

The tops of the Juniperus Sabina. 

What is the character of this plant, and its place of 
growth ? 

It is an evergreen shrub, bearing considerable re- 
semblance to the Juniperus Virginiana, or common 
red cedar, which is sometimes substituted for it. It is 
a native of the south of Europe. 

What are its physical and chemical properties, as 
found in the shops? 

It consists of the young tops, with their numerous, 
small, pointed leaves attached, which are of a yellow- 
ish-green color, having a strong, peculiar odor, and a 
bitter, acrid taste. Water and alcohol extract its vir- 
tues, which depend upon a volatile oil, called oil of 
savine^ — Oleum Sabince. This is yellow, strongly 
odorous, and of an exceedingly acrid taste. 



232 SIALAGOGUES. 

What are its therapeutical effects and uses? 

In large doses, it is an acrid poison ; in medicinal 
ones, a powerful stimulant, with a special direction, it 
is thought, to the uterine organs. Employed as an 
emmenagogue in amenorrhoea and chlorosis, depend- 
ing on torpor, or deficient action of the uterine system. 
It is contra-indicated by much general or local excite- 
ment, and by the existence of pregnancy. It is the 
drug usually resorted to for the purpose of producing 
abortion, but always at the hazard of the mother. 

What is the dose? 

Of the powder, from 5 to 15 grains, 2 or 3 times a 
day ; of the oil, from 2 to 5 drops. 

SPANISH FLIES.— CANTHARIS. 

What is their character and remedial application, as 
an emmenagogue. 

One of the most efficient emmenagogues ; useful in 
amenorrhoBa, particularly when complicated with leu- 
corrhosa. Their stimulating properties render them 
inadmissible in cases with much general or local ex- 
citement. 

What is the dose? 

Of the tincture, from 10 to 30 drops, 3 times a day, 
gradually increased. 



XIY. SIALAGOGUES. 

What are these, their modes of operation, and re- 
medial uses ? 

They are medicines which increase the secretion of 
saliva. They have been divided into local and remote 
or specific sialagogues; the former producing the effect 
by irritating the salivary glands, when chewed ; the 
latter, as the preparations of mercury, by their internal 



ERRHINES. 233 

use, when continued for some time. These, never 
used for their sialagogue effect. Local sialagogues, or 
tnasticatories, sometimes employed as revulsives, in 
rheumatism and neuralgia of the face, tooth-ache, &c, 
or as direct irritants, in paralysis of the tongue and 
throat. Many irritating substances are chewed for this 
purpose. 



XV. ERRHINES. 

What are these, their modes of action, and remedial 
uses? 

They are medicines which increase the secretion 
from the pituitary membrane. When they excite 
sneezing, they are called sternutatories. They act 
upon the same principles as the sialagogues, and are 
occasionally used as revulsives, in affections of the 
eyes, head, &c. 

What substances are thus employed, and how are 
they applied ? 

Tobacco, in the form of snuff, white hellebore, 
Turpeth's mineral, &c, are used as errhines, snuffed 
up the nostrils in the form of powder. The two lat- 
ter should be diluted with five or six parts of some 
bland substance, as starch, powdered liquorice root, 
&c. 



20* 



XVI. EPISPASTICS. 

What are these ? 

Medicines which, when applied to the skin, excite 
inflammation, followed by an effusion of serum under 
the cuticle, forming a blister. Frequently called vesi- 
cants or vesicatories. 

In what ways do they produce salutary effects in 
diseases? 

They act, 1, as local stimulants; 2, as general stim- 
ulants, by sympathy with the local inflammation ; 3, 
as revulsives ; 4, as local depletives ; 5, by exciting a 
new action in the diseased part, to which they are ap- 
plied ; and 6, by the pain which they occasion. 

What are their therapeutical applications, in refer- 
ence to each of these modes of action? 

As local stimulants, they are useful in partial para- 
lysis, in some cases of threatened gangrene, &c. ; as 
general stimulants, in low or typhoid diseases, and 
sometimes in intermittent fevers, by subverting morbid 
action, and preventing the subsequent paroxysm, when 
employed so as to be in full operation at the time for 
its recurrence ; as revulsives, they prove useful in va- 
rious nervous irritations, and in inflammation ; also, in 
local determinations of blood, and as local depletives, 
in erysipelas and many other local inflammations. By 
altering the nature of the morbid action, in parts to 
which they are applied, they act beneficially in tinea 
capitis, obstinate herpes and various other chronic cu- 
taneous eruptions, and by the pain which they excite 
in hypochondrical cases, &c. 

What are some practical rules in relation to the 
time and part to which they should be applied? 

They should not be employed in inflammatory af- 
fections, during the existence of high febrile excite- 
ment, on account of their stimulating effects. In 
local inflammations they should be applied near the 



EPISPASTICS. 235 

seat of the disease, but in local determinations of 
blood, at a distance from the point of fluxion. 

What are the substances belonging to this class? 

A number of substances are capable of producing 
vesication, but the two following are chiefly used for 
this purpose: 

SPANISH FLIES— CANTHARIS. 

Where are these insects found, and how are they 
collected and prepared for use? 

They are found most abundantly in Spain, Italy 
and the south of France. They make their appear- 
ance in May and June, and attach themselves to cer- 
tain trees, as the white poplar, privet, ash, <fcc, upon 
the leaves of which they subsist. Early in the morn- 
ing, while they are torpid from cold, men, with their 
faces and hands covered with masks and gloves, shake 
or knock them from the trees, with poles, and receive 
them as they fall, upon linen cloths spread underneath. 
They are then exposed to the vapor of vinegar, to de- 
prive them of life, and afterwards, dried by the heat of 
the sun or stoves. 

What are their physical properties? 

They are from six to ten lines in length, by two or 
three in breadth ; are of a golden-green color, afford- 
ing, when pulverized, a grayish-brown powder, inter- 
spersed with numberless shining, green particles of the 
elytrse. They have a peculiar, disagreeable odor, and 
an acrid burning taste. 

What are their chemical properties? 

Its active ingredient is a peculiar, white, crystaline 
substance, called cantharidin. This is insoluble in 
water and cold alcohol ; but these dissolve it, as it ex- 
ists in combination with the other ingredients of the 
insect. 

What is their liability to be injured by the attacks 
of insects, and how may it be obviated ? 

They are very apt to be attacked by mites, which 



236 EPISPASTICS. 

feed upon their interior, soft parts, and destroy, in a 
great degree, their activity. Best protected from these, 
it is said, by keeping them in well stopped bottles, 
and adding a few drops of strong acetic acid, or a few 
grains of camphor. 

How are cantharides employed externally ? 

Usually in the form of one of the following offici- 
nal preparations : 

1. Cerate of Spanish Flies — Ceratum Canthari- 
dis. What are the constituents of this? 

It consists of powdered Spanish flies, yellow wax, 
resin, and olive oil, intimately mixed together. 

What is its use and mode of application ? 

It is used for blistering, and is commonly called 
blistering plaster. It is applied spread on soft leather, 
linen, or oiled silk, with a cold spatula, and the mar- 
gin covered with adhesive plaster to make it adhere to 
the skin. To prevent the absorption of cantharidin, 
and its irritating effects on the urinary organs, a piece 
of gauze or unsized paper may be placed between the 
plaster and the skin. 

How may strangury be prevented, and how best 
treated when produced ? 

Several means of prevention have been recom- 
mended, such as the internal use of the decoction of 
uva ursi,and boiling the flies in water fifteen minutes, 
which will deprive them of their property of produ- 
cing strangury, it is said, without affecting their vesica- 
ting powers. Where the object is only to produce 
slight vesication, the chances of producing strangury 
may be greatly diminished by allowing the blister to 
remain on only so long as is necessary to excite full 
redness of the skin, and then applying an emollient, 
poultice to bring out the vesicles. Strangury treated 
by the free use of diluent drinks, and when severe, an 
anodyne injection, composed of laudanum and some 
mucilaginous fluid, may be usefully resorted to. 

What time do they require to produce rubefaction 
and vesication, both on children and adults? 



EPISPASTICS. 237 

As a general rule they excite rubefaction on chil- 
dren, in 1 or 2 hours, and on adults, in from 3 to 5 
hours. They produce vesication on children, in from 
2 to 4 hours, and on adults, in from 6 to 12 hours. 

What is the proper management of a blister, both 
when the object is to heal it, and to maintain the dis- 
charge or form what is called a perpetual blister 1 ) 

The vesicles should be punctured to allow the serum 
to escape, and then dressed with simple cerate, when 
the object is to heal it speedily; but when a continua- 
tion of the discharge is desired, the cuticle should be 
removed, and the blistered surface dressed with resin 
cerate, savine cerate, or ointment of Spanish flies. 
Should much inflammation supervene, it may be re- 
lieved by emollient poultices or lead water. An indis- 
position to heal, may be removed by an application 
composed of equal parts of cerate of subacetate of 
lead and simple cerate. Deep and extensive ulcera- 
tion, which sometimes occurs in consequence of gen- 
eral debility, must be cured by the use of tonics and 
a nutritious diet. 

2. Ointment of Spanish Flies — Unguentum Can- 
tharidis. How is this prepared, and what are its 
uses? 

Prepared by forming a decoction of Spanish flies in 
powder, with distilled water, and with the strained 
liquor mixing resin cerate and evaporating to the pro- 
per consistence. Used as a dressing to blistered sur- 
faces to sustain a discharge. 

3. Plaster of Pitch with Spanish Flics — Em- 
plastrum Picis cum Cantharidc. What is this com- 
monly called ? 

Emplastrum Calefaciens or warming plaster. 

What are its constituents and uses ? 

It consists of burgundy pitch and cerate of Spanish 
flies, melted together. Employed as a rubefacient in 
chronic rheumatism, chronic catarrh, the habitual 
cough of the old and debilitated, &c. 

4. Liniment of Spanish Flies — Linimentum Can- 



238 episp^stics. 

tharidis. How is this prepared, and what are its 
uses? 

Prepared by digesting powdered Spanish flies in oil 
of turpentine, for three hours in a water-bath, and 
straining. Used as an external stimulant in the col- 
lapsed stage of typhus fever, &c. 

POTATO FLIES.— CANTHARIS VITTATA. 

Where are these insects found, and how are they 
collected and prepared for use ? 

They are natives of the Middle and Southern 
States, inhabiting chiefly the potato vine. Early 
in the morning or late in the evening, they are 
shaken from the plant into hot water, and then care- 
fully dried in the sun. 

What is their shape, size and color? 

It resembles in shape, the C. vesicatoria or Spanish 
fly, but is rather smaller. The head is of a light red 
color, with dark spots upon the top, and the body and 
elytra are black, with yellow longitudinal stripes. 

What are its properties and uses ? 

In sensible, chemical, and medical properties, it re- 
sembles the Spanish fly, and may be used for the same 
purposes, and in similar ways. 



XVII. RUBEFACIENTS. 

What are these ? 

Medicines which when applied a certain time to 
the skin, inflame it, without blistering. 

In what cases are these said to be preferable to blis- 
ters? 

In cases where the object is to produce a sudden 
and powerful, but transient impression, or where a 
slight but long continued action is desired. They are 
said to be more useful also as revulsives in spasm and 
other forms of nervous irritation ; and the powerful ones 
of the class more efficient where the object is merely 
to produce pain. 

What are the individuals of this class? 

Mustard, cayenne pepper, oil of turpentine, bur- 
gundy pitch, hemlock pitch, and water of ammonia. 

MUSTARD— SIN APIS. 



What is this officinally? 

The seeds of the Sinapis nigra and S. alba. 

What is the character of these plants, and the place 
of their growth and culture? 

They are annual plants, rising from three to four 
feet high, with small yellow flowers appearing in 
June. They are natives of Europe, and cultivated 
in this country. 

How are their seeds distinguished? 

By their size and color — those derived from the S\ 
nigra are small and of a dark brown color, and are 
called black mustard seeds ; those from the S. alba 
are much larger, of a yellowish color, and called 
white mustard seeds. 

What is the color, taste, and odor of the powder ? 



240 RUBEFACIENTS. 

It is of a greenish-yellow color, with an oily aspect ; 
an acrid burning taste, and a faint odor, which is 
greatly increased by moisture. 

What is the chemical composition of mustard? 

They contain mucilage and a bland fixed oil ; the 
former residing in their skin and may be extracted by 
boiling water; the latter in their interior part, obtain- 
able by expression. They also contain a peculiar 
principle which by the re-action of water, is convert- 
ed into an acrid volatile oil in the black mustard, and 
into an acrid substance not volatile in the white. It 
is upon these principles that their sensible and active 
properties are thought to depend. 

What are its effects on the system, and its remedial 
applications both internal and external? 

When taken whole, in the dose of a tea-spoonful, 
once or twice a day, they act as a laxative, — thus 
used in dyspepsia, &c. The bruised seeds or powder, 
in the dose of a large tea-spoonful, operates as an 
emetic. Used for this purpose in cases of great torpor 
of the stomach, as in narcotic poisoning, malignant 
cholera, some forms of paralysis, &c. In smaller 
doses, used as a stimulant to the digestive organs ; 
but it is chiefly used as a rubefacient. The powder, 
diluted with an equal portion of wheat flour or rye 
meal, and made into a cataplasm (sinapism) with 
water, will excite rubefaction in the course of half an 
hour or hour, and often in less time. Applied in this 
way to the soles of the feet and calves of the legs, to 
excite the system in low forms of fever, and to pro- 
duce revulsion from the head in coma, narcotic poison- 
ing, &c. 

What unpleasant effects may result from the incau- 
tious application of sinapisms? 

When allowed to remain on too long, they may 
produce vesication, followed by ulceration and even 
sphacelus. This should be particularly guarded against, 
where the patient is insensible to their action. 



RUBEFACIENTS. 241 

CAYENNE PEPPER.— CAPSICUM. 

What is its character as a rubefacient, and how is 
it applied ? 

It is a powerful rubefacient, applied in the form of 
cataplasm, or more efficiently as a lotion mixed with 
heated spirit. 

What are its remedial uses as such ? 

Employed in local rheumatism, and as a stimulant 
in low forms of disease. 

OIL OF TURPENTINE.— OLEUM TEREBINTHINiE. 

What is its character as a rubefacient, and the mode 
of applying it ? 

It is a speedy and effectual rubefacient. Usually 
applied hot, when a speedy and powerful effect is 
desired, but in mild cases diluted with olive oil. 

What peculiar effects does it produce on some per- 
sons ? 

In some constitutions it produces violent inflamma- 
tion of the skin with extensive eruptions. 

What are its particular applications as a rubefa- 
cient ? 

It is used as an excitant in low forms of fever with 
cold skin. As a counter-irritant in inflammation of 
the viscera ; in colic, peritonitis, sore throat, rheuma- 
tism, and neuralgia. Sometimes applied to extensive 
burns, where the vital powers are sinking, mixed with 
resin cerate, in the form of the Linimentum Tere- 
binthince. 

BURGUNDY PITCH.— PIX ABIETIS. 

What is this ? 

The prepared concrete juice of the Abies ezcelsa, 
Pinus abies, or Norway spruce Jir, a large, lofty, 
evergreen tree, growing in Europe and Northern 
Asia. 

What is the mode of preparation ? 
21 



242 RUBEFACIENTS. 

The tree is deprived of its bark in places, and the 
juice which flows out and concretes, is removed, melt- 
ed with hot water, and then strained through coarse 
cloths. Much of the burgundy pitch of the shops is 
said to be fictitious, consisting of resin rendered 
opaque by incorporation with water, and colored with 
palm oil. 

What are its physical and chemical properties as 
found in the shops? 

It is hard, brittle, opaque, of a brownish-yellow 
color, and a feeble terebinthinate odor and taste. Its 
consistence varies with the temperature, being- harder 
in cold and softer in warm weather. It melts by heat 
and is rendered soft and adhesive by the heat of the 
body. It differs from turpentine in containing less 
essential oil. 

What is its character as a rubefacient? 

It acts in most cases as a gentle rubefacient, but on 
some persons it excites violent inflammation, followed 
by vesication and even ulceration. 

What are its therapeutical uses and modes of ap- 
plication ? 

Used in chronic rheumatism and chronic affections 
of the thoracic and abdominal viscera. Applied 
spread upon leather or cloth, in the form of a plaster, 
and frequently in the form of the Emplastrum Pices 
cum Cantharide, or warming plaster. 

HEMLOCK PITCH.— PIX CANADENSIS. 

What is this? 

The prepared concrete juice of the Abies Canaden- 
sis, Pinus Canadensis, or hemlock spruce, an ever- 
green tree, growing in Canada and the Northern 
States. 

How is it collected and prepared for use ? 

The juice exudes spontaneously from the full 
grown trees and concretes upon the bark. This is 
removed and boiled in water, and the pitch, which 



RUBEFACIENTS. 243 

melts and rises to the surface, is skimmed off. To 
free it from fragments of bark, it is melted and strain- 
ed in the shops. 

What are its properties ? 

It is of a dark yellowish-brown color, but in other 
respects closely resembling burgundy pitch, for which 
it may be substituted. 

WATER OF AMMONIA.— AQUA AMMONIA. 

How is this prepared, and what is its chemical 
nature? 

Muriate of ammonia is decomposed by slaked 
lime with the aid of heat, and the ammoniacal gas 
evolved, is received into distilled water, forming a 
solution of the sp. gr. 0.96, and containing about 9J 
per cent, of ammonia. 

What is its odor and taste, and its relation to oils? 

It has a strong pungent odor, and a caustic alka- 
line taste. With oils it forms a liquid soap. 

What is its character as a rubefacient, and how is it 
applied ? 

It is an active and prompt rubefacient, usually em- 
ployed, diluted with olive oil, as in the form of the 
volatile liniment — Linimentum Ammonice. This 
may be applied by rubbing it gently upon the skin, 
or placing a piece of flannel, saturated with it, over 
the affected part. 



XVIII. ESCHAROTICS. 

What are these, and their modes of operation ? 

They are substances which when applied to the 
body produce an eschar or slough. This they do by 
chemically disorganizing the part, or by destroying its 
vitality. 

What are their therapeutical uses? 

They are used to excite counter-irritation ; to form 
issues ; to destroy morbid excrescences ; to produce 
healthy action in diseased surfaces, by destroying the 
part affected, and to open abscesses. 

How are caustics divided? 

Into actual and potential cauterants. 

1. Actual Cauterants. 

What are the two forms of actual cautery used ? 
The hot iron and moxa. 

THE HOT IRON. 

What is this used for? 

Iron, heated to whiteness, is sometimes used to de- 
stroy morbid growths, but chiefly to arrest hemorrhages 
in places where a ligature cannot be applied. 

How is it applied ? 

To protect the surrounding parts from the action of 
the radient heat, layers of wet paper should be laid 
over them, with a hole in the centre, through which, 
the iron should be quickly applied. 

MOXA. 

What is this, and how prepared ? 
Moxa is the term applied to small combustible 
masses, intended to be burnt in contact with the skin. 



ESCHAROTICS. 245 

They are prepared with different materials, such as 
the leaves of some trees, spunk, and the pith of the 
sun-flower : but those mostly used are made of cotton, 
impregnated with nitre to render them more combus- 
tible. The cotton is first impregnated with a strong 
solution of nitre and dried. It is then formed into a 
cylinder of half an inch or inch in diameter, by roll- 
ing it around a linen cord and securing it by a piece 
of silk or linen sewed tightly around it. This, 
when used, is cut into transverse slices of suitable 
length — from a few lines to an inch. 

How is it applied, and what are its principles of 
action ? 

The apex is set on fire and the base kept firmly ap- 
plied to the skin by means of a piece of wire, or a 
pair of forceps. The surrounding parts should be 
protected by pieces of wet linen. It is allowed to 
burn until consumed, when the object is to produce 
an eschar, but for a shorter time, when it is desired to 
excite only inflammation. It acts as a powerful re- 
vulsive, and as an excitant to neighboring parts. 

What are its therapeutical applications? 

It has been used in curvature of the spine, in in- 
veterate sciatica and neuralgia, in paraplegia, chronic 
inflammation of the joints, amaurosis, &c. 

2. Potential Cauterants. 

AVhat substances belong to this division ? 

Potassa, nitrate of silver, arsenious acid, sulphate 
of copper, corrosive chloride of mercury, dried alum, 
and the mineral acids. 

POTASSA. 

What is the mode of preparing potassa, or common 
caustic 9 

Liquor potass^ is evaporated till ebullition ceases 
21* 



246 ESCHAROTICS. 

and the potassa melts; this is then poured into suita- 
ble moulds. 

What are its physical properties ? 

It is generally in pencils, of a grayish or bluish 
color; inodorous, with a caustic alkaline taste. 

How is it affected by exposure, and how best kept? 

Exposed to the air it deliquesces rapidly ; attracts 
carbonic acid, and becomes converted into the carbo- 
nate. Best preserved in green glass bottles, with ground 
stoppers. 

What are the usual impurities ? 

Silica, oxide of iron, the sulphate and carbonate of 
potassa, &c, but they do not unfit it for medical 
uses. 

What is its character as an escharotic? 

It is a powerful caustic, but its extreme deliques- 
cence, and consequent liability to spread, render it 
very unmanageable. 

For what is it used? 

For opening abscesses, destroying poisoned surfaces, 
but chiefly for forming issues. 

How are issues formed, and upon what principles 
do they act in the cure of disease? 

The skin is covered with two or three layers of ad- 
hesive plasters, in the centre of which a hole is cut of 
the size of the intended issue ; through this the caus- 
tic is rubbed on until the surface is destroyed ; a milk 
and bread or flaxseed poultice is then applied, and 
when the slough separates an issue pea is inserted, or 
some irritating dressing, as savine cerate, is used to 
keep it open. Issues do good by the revulsion they 
produce, and in some cases by the discharge. 

NITRATE OF SILVER.—ARGENTI NITRAS. 

What is its character as an escharotic? 

Lunar caustic possesses many advantages as an 
escharotic. Its mild but effectual action, and the ab- 
sence of any deliquescent property, or tendency to 



ESCHAROTICS. 247 

spread, render it one of the safest and most manage- 
able caustics that can be employed. 

What are its applications? 

It is used to destroy fungus growths, warts, corns, 
strictures in the urethra, incipient chancres, and the 
surfaces of various unhealthy ulcers. A weak solu- 
tion — 2 to 5 grains in f |j. of distilled water — is used 
as a local stimulant to indolent ulcers, and as an injec- 
tion in fetid discharges from the ear, in fistulous sores, 
gonorrhoea, leucorrhcea, &c. 

How is it applied ? 

As a caustic, usually in the solid state previously 
moistened. A solution of 5j. in f §j. of water will 
act as a caustic. Solution applied by means of a 
camel's hair pencil. 

ARSENIOUS ACID— ACIDUM ARSENIOSUM. 

By what other names is this called, and how is it 
obtained ? 

Called also white arsenic and white oxide of arsenic. 
It is obtained as a collateral product during the roast- 
ing of cobalt ores, which usually contain arsenic. The 
arsenic is converted by the combustion, into arsenious 
acid, which sublimes and condenses on the sides of 
the flues of the furnace. In this state it is impure 
and is sublimed a second time. 

What are its physical properties? 

It occurs in commerce in large transparent vitreous 
masses, becoming white and opaque on exposure to 
the air ; it is inodorous, has a faintly sweetish taste, 
and yields a fine white powder, in which state it is 
kept in the shops. 

What are its chemical properties ? 

It is composed of 2 eq. of arsenic and 3 of oxygen ; 
it is soluble in cold water, and more so in boiling, and 
its solution reddens litmus paper slightly. The chemi- 
cal characteristics of arsenious, are as follows : thrown 
on ignited charcoal it emits an alliaceous odor ; heated 



248 ESCHAROTICS. 

with carbonaceous matter in a glass tube, it is reduced, 
and the metal sublimes and forms a grayish-black ring 
in the uppei, cooler part of the tube; its solution pre- 
cipitates lemon-yellow with ammoniacal nitrate of sil- 
ver ; grass-green ( Scheele's green,) with ammoniacal 
sulphate of copper, and sulphur-yellow (orpiment,) 
with sulphuretted hydrogen. 

What is its character and therapeutical application 
as a caustic ? 

It is a powerful escharotic, destroying the life of the 
part and its decomposition is the consequence. But 
on account of the danger which may accrue from its 
absoiption, it is seldom employed, its use being restrict- 
ed entirely to malignant and cancerous ulcers. 

SULPHATE OF COPPER.-CUPRI SULPHAS. 

What are the therapeutical applications of sulphate 
of copper as an escharotic ? 

A strong solution made with 20 grains of the salt 
to f § j. of water occasionally used as a mild escharotic 
to destroy fungus, the callous edges of ulcers, venereal 
warts, and as an application to chancres in their early 
stage. 

CORROSIVE CHLORIDE OF IMERCURY— HYDRARGYRI 
CHLORIDUM CORROSIVUM. 

What are its external uses ? 

Bichloride of Mercury, or Corrosive sublimate, is 
sometimes applied as a caustic, mixed with an equal 
portion of sulphate of zinc, in onychia maligna, but 
it is mostly used in solution (gr. ^ to gr. 3 to f § j.,) as 
a local stimulant to venereal ulcers, to lepra and other 
scaly eruptions, and as an injection in gleet. 

DRIED ALUM— ALUMEN EXSICCATUM. 

How is dried or burnt alum prepared? 



DEMULCENTS. 249 

Alum is melted in an earthen or iron vessel over the 
fire, and the heat continued until it becomes dry, when 
it is rubbed into powder. 

What is its character and use as an escharotic? 

It is a mild escharotic, used to destroy fungus flesh, 
the powder being sprinkled over the surface. 

THE MINERAL ACIDS. 

What is the character of these as escharotics ? 

They are powerfully escharotic, but their liquid 
form renders their application inconvenient. 

What are their external uses? 

They are sometimes used as caustics in the bites of 
rabid animals, to destroy warts, and to remove the cu- 
ticle hastily, and produce speedy revulsion. Sulphur- 
ic and nitric acids diluted, sometimes employed as 
stimulants to indolent ulcers, and in the form of oint- 
ment, in some cutaneous affections. 



XIX. DEMULCENTS. 

What are these and their uses? 

They are substances, which, from their mild and 
viscid properties when mixed with water, are used to 
sheath and protect irritated or inflamed surfaces from 
the action of irritating matters, and by mixing with 
these to obtund their acrimony. They are used also 
as diet for the sick, and as vehicles for other medicines. 

How are they supposed to do good, where they do 
not admit of direct application? 

In catarrhal afflictions, their soothing influence is 
probably extended from the top of the larynx to the 
tracheo-bronchial mucous membrane by contiguous 
sympathy, but in nephritic diseases, they act as mere 
diluents. 

What are the substances embraced under this head ? 



250 DEMULCENTS. 

Gum arabic, tragacanth, slippery-elm bark, flaxseed, 
liquorice root, Iceland and Irish moss, sago tapioca, 
arrow-root, and barley. 

GUM ARABIC— ACACIA. 

What is this? 

The concrete juice cf the Acacia vera, and other 
species of Acacia, small thorny trees or shrubs grow- 
ing in Arabia and Africa. 

How is it obtained? 

The juice exudes either through natural fissures in 
the bark, or through incisions made to facilitate its 
flow, and concretes on exposure. 

What are the places of collection and export ? 

It is collected in Arabia, Upper Egypt, Barbary, 
&c, and brought into this country from the ports of 
the Mediterranean. 

What are the commercial varieties ? 

The two principal are Turkey gum and Senegal 
gum. 

What are the physical properties of each of these 
varieties ? 

Turkey gum consists chiefly of small, irregular, 
very brittle fragments, of a whitish or yellowish-white 
color, and with numerous fissures, impairing its trans- 
parency. Senegal gum is usually in roundish or 
oval pieces, larger than those of the Turkey gum, 
more transparent, less brittle and pulverizable, and of 
yellowish or reddish color. Both afford a white pow- 
der, are inodorous and have a feeble taste. 

What are its chemical properties ? 

It consists chiefly of gum, which is insoluble in 
alcohol, but soluble in water, either cold or hot, form- 
ing a viscid solution called mucilage, which, when 
long kept, becomes sour from the generation of acetic 
acid. 

What is its character as a demulcent and its thera- 
peutical applications as such ? 



DEMULCENTS. 251 

It is an excellent demulcent, much used in the 
form of solution, in irritation and inflammation of the 
mucous membranes, and especially that of the stomach 
and bowels. 

What are its dietetic and pharmaceutical uses? 

A solution made with gj. of gum to Oj. of water, 
is an excellent article of diet in febrile and other af- 
fections requiring a strictly antiphlogistic regimen. 
Used in pharmacy for suspending heavy insoluble 
substances in water, and for forming pills and troches. 

TRAGACANTH.- TRAGACANTHA. 

What is this? 

The concrete juice of the Astragulus verus, and 
other species of Astragulus, small thorny shrubs grow- 
ing in Persia, Asia Minor, &c. 

What is the mode of collection ? 

It exudes spontaneously during the summer from 
the stems and branches, and hardens on the surface. 

What are its physical and chemical properties? 

It occurs in thin plates, of a whitish or citron-yel- 
low color, semi-transparent, hard, and of difficult pul- 
verization, except at a temperature of 100° or 120°, 
or at a freezing temperature. It is inodorous and taste- 
less ; is very partially soluble in water, but when 
mixed with it, it swells up and forms a soft adhesive 
paste. It consists chiefly of gum and bassorin. 

What are its uses ? 

It is seldom given internally, on account of its dif- 
ficult solubility in water. Used principally for the 
suspension of heavy insoluble powders in water, and 
to impart consistence to troches. 

SLIPPERY-ELM BARK.— ULMUS. 

What is this officin ally ? 

The inner bark of the Ulmus fulva, slippery-elm 
or red elm, a lofty indigenous tree. 



252 DEMULCENTS. 

What are its physical properties ? 

It is found in the shops in long, nearly flat pieces, 
freed of the epidermis ; of a fibrous texture, a reddish- 
yellow color, a sweetish odor, and a highly mucila- 
ginous taste, when cheAved. 

What are its relations to water? 

It imparts the mucilaginous matter, in which it 
abounds, to water, forming a thick mucilage. 

What are its therapeutical applications, both inter- 
nal and external? 

It is an excellent demulcent, and may be used in 
all cases for which such medicines are adapted. In 
the form of poultice, made by adding hot water to the 
powder, it is sometimes used as an emollient applica- 
tion to inflamed surfaces. 

How is it usually given ? 

In infusion, made in the proportion of g j. to Oj. 

FLAXSEED.— LINUM. 

From what is this derived ? 

From the Linum usitatissimus, or common flax. 

What are the most important constituents of flax- 
seeds? 

They contain mucilage and a fixed oil ; the former 
residing in the skin, the latter in the nucleus. 

How is the oil obtained, and what is it commonly 
called? 

Obtained bj> expression; commonly called Linseed 
oil — Oleum Lini. U. S. 

What are the properties and uses of the oil ? 

It is of a yellowish-brown color, a faint disagreeable 
odor, and nauseous taste. On exposure to the air, it 
concretes into a transparent varnish, and hence, is 
called a drying oil. As a medicine, it is sometimes ad- 
ded to purgative enemata, and applied to burns, mixed 
with an equal portion of lime-water, as in the Lini- 
mentum Calcis. In the arts, it is extensively used 
for painting and printing. 



DEMULCENTS. 253 

What is the character of flaxseed as a demulcent, 
and how is it used ? 

It is an excellent demulcent, much used in the form 
of an infusion, made in the proportion of gj. to Oj. 
of boiling water. 

What are the uses of the powdered seeds ? 

Flaxseed meal mixed with hot water, is used as an 
emollient poultice. 

LIQUORICE ROOT— GLYCYRRHIZA. 
LIQUORICE— EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZA. 

What are these ? 

The root and extract of the root of the Glycyrrhiza 
glabra, an herbaceous, perennial plant, growing- in the 
south of Europe. 

Whence is liquorice root imported, and what are its 
physical properties, as found in the shops? 

Much of it is said to come from the ports of Messi- 
na and Palermo, in Sicily. As met with in the shops, 
it is in long pieces, about the thickness of the little 
finger, wrinkled, and of a grayish-brown color, exter- 
nally, yellowish internally, aud affording a grayish- 
) 7 ellow powder, when pulverized. It is without odor, 
but has a sweet, mucilaginous, subacrid taste. 

What is its relation to water, and its characteristic 
ingredient? 

Boiling water extracts its virtues. Its characteristic 
principle, a peculiar sweetish substance called glycyr- 
rhyzin, differing from sugar in not being susceptible 
of the vinous fermentation. 

What is its character as a demulcent, and its reme- 
dial uses as such ? 

It is an excellent demulcent, used in irritation of 
the mucous membranes. It is frequently added to the 
decoctions of seneka, mezereon and other acrid vege- 
table substances, to conceal their acrimony. 

How is it used ? 

In the form of decoction, prepared by boiling §j. 
of the root, for a few minutes, in Oj. of water. 
22 



254 DEMULCENTS. 

What are the uses of the powdered root? 

It is used in the preparation of pills. 

How is the extract prepared, and whence imported? 

Prepared by boiling the root in water, and evapora- 
ting the strained decoction. Imported chiefly from 
Messina and Leghorn. 

What are its physical properties? 

It comes in cylindrical or flattened rolls, covered 
with bay leaves; brittle, breaking with a shining frac- 
ture ; very black, and of a sweet, bitterish, sub-acrid 
taste. 

What are frequent impurities, and how are they 
separated ? 

It sometimes contains sand, starch, prune juice, 
copper, &c. ; from which it is purified by solution in 
water, filtering and evaporating. 

What is the shape and size of the pieces of refined 
liquorice ? 

It is in small, cylindrical pieces, about the thickness 
of a pipe stem. 

What are its uses ? 

It is used in coughs, and bronchial affections, being 
allowed to dissolve slowly in the mouth. Frequently 
added to cough mixtures, and to infusions or decoc- 
tions, to conceal or modify the taste of other medi- 
cines. Used also, to impart consistence to pills and 
troches. 

ICELAND MOSS.— CETRARIA. 

Where is this plant found, and what are its physical 
properties, as met with in the shops? 

It is found in the northern regions of both the new 
and old worlds. It is a small, foliaceous plant, of a 
coriaceous consistence. As met with in the shops, it 
is of a brownish or grayish-white color. It has a faint 
odor, and a mucilaginous, bitter taste. 

What are its chemical properties ? 

Its most important ingredients are a peculiar starch- 
like principle, (lichenin,) a bitter principle, (cetrarin^) 



DEMULCENTS. 255 

gum, uncrystalizable sugar, &c. The bitter princi- 
ple is separable by maceration in water, or in a weak 
alkaline solution; the gum and starchy matter, ex- 
tracted by decoction, which, on cooling, acquires a 
gelatinous consistence. 

What are its therapeutical effects and uses ? 

It is demulcent and tonic, with nutritive properties. 
Useful in diseases of the mucous membranes, accom- 
panied with general debility, or an enfeebled condition 
of the digestive organs, as in chronic bronchitis and 
catarrh ; in chronic dysentery and diarrhoea ; in dys- 
pepsia, pulmonary consumption, &c. 

What is the form of administration, and the dose? 

Usually given in decoction, made by boiling Oj., 
in Oiss. of water, to Oj., and the whole taken in di- 
vided doses, during the day. 

IRISH MOSS— CHONDRUS. 

Where is this found, and what are its properties and 
uses? 

It is found most abundantly, growing on the rocks 
on the south-west coast of Ireland, where it is gather- 
ed, dried and bleached in the sun for use. It some- 
what resembles Iceland moss, in properties, but is 
more mucilaginous, and less bitter. A decoction, 
made in the proportion of § ss. to Oj., is frequently 
used as a substitute for that substance. 

SAGO. 

What is this ? 

The prepared fecula of the pith of the Sagus Rum- 
phii, or sago palm, a tree growing in the East Indies. 

How is it prepared ? 

The pith is collected from the tree in the state of a 
coarse powder, and the fecula separated from it, by re- 
peated washings with water, over a hair seive. The 
milky liquor which passes through, is allowed to stand 
until the sago is deposited, when the water is strained 
off, and the paste afterwards rubbed into grains. 



256 DEMULCENTS. 

What are the varieties of sago, and the physical 
properties of each ? 

Two varieties — pearl sago and common sago ; the 
former, in hard, whitish grains, about the size of a 
pin's head ; the latter, in larger size gTains, of a 
brownish color. It has a feeble odor, and but little 
taste. 

What is its chemical nature, and its relation to 
water ? 

It consists almost entirely of starch. It is insoluble 
in cold water, but forms a gelatinous solution with 
boiling water. 

What are its uses, and modes of exhibition? 

It is used as a mild and digestible article of diet, in 
febrile diseases, and in convalescence from acute dis- 
orders. Used in decoction, made by boiling § j. of 
sago in Oj. of water or milk, and seasoning with sugar 
and nutmeg, or other spices, where these are not con- 
tra-indicated. 

TAPIOCA. 

What is this ? 

The fecula of the root of the Jatropha Manihot. 

What is the character of this plant, and its place of 
growth and culture? 

It is a small shrub, with a very large, fleshy, tube- 
rous root; indigenous in Brazil, and cultivated in the 
West Indies, under the name of Cassava. 

How are the plants distinguished ? 

By the names of sweet and bitter. The root of the 
latter, abounds in an acrid, milky juice, which is poi- 
sonous. 

How is the tapioca prepared ? 

The juice is obtained from the rasped root, by ex- 
pression, and allowed to stand until it deposits the 
fecula ; this is repeatedly washed with cold water, to 
free it from the poisonous juice, and then dried on hot 
plates. 

What are its physical and chemical properties ? 



DEMULCENTS. 257 

It is in hard, ii regular grains or fragments, whitish, 
inodorous and tasteless. It is nearly pure starch. 

How, and for what is it used? 

Used in the same way as sago, and for similar pur- 
poses. 

ARROW ROOT— MARANTA. 

What is this ? 

The fecula of the root of the Maranta arundinacea, 
a native of South America and the West Indies, where 
it is largely cultivated. 

What is the mode of preparation? 

The fresh root, cleansed, is beat into a pulp, and 
the fecula separated by means of water, in the usual 
way, and dried in the sun. 

What aie its physical and chemical properties? 

It is in the form of a white powder, or pulverulent 
masses, and is without odor or tasie, when free from 
musiiness. Examined by the microscope, it is seen, 
like the other varieties of fecula, to consist of small 
granules. It is identical in chemical properties, with 
wheaten starch, but forms a firmer jelly with boiling 
water. 

What are its uses ? 

It is much used as a mild and digestible article of 
diet for the sick and convalescent; well adapted, from 
its demulcent properties, for diseases of the alimentary 
canal. Used also, as food for infants. 

How is it prepared for use? 

A table-spoonful may be made into a paste with a 
little cold water, and then mixed with Oj. of water 
boiling, and continued so for a few minutes. It may 
be flavored with sugar and lemon-juice, and in some 
low forms of fever, wine and spices may be added. 
It is usually prepared with milk, for children. 

BARLEY.— HORDEUM. 

What is barley, and how is it prepared for use? 

22* 



25S 



EMOLLIENTS. 



It is the decorticated seeds of several species of 
Hordeum, small plants cultivated in the United States 
and other parts of the world. The seeds are deprived 
cf their husk, and then rounded and polished in a 
mill of a peculiar construction. 

What is it called as thus prepared, and what are its 
physical and chemical properties ? 

Called pearl barley — Hordeum perlatum. It is 
in small round grains; of a pearly whiteness, without 
odor, but of a sweetish, mucilaginous taste. It con- 
sists chiefly of starch, with some gluten, gum, sugar, 
&c. Boiling water extracts its virtues. 

What are its uses? 

It is used in the form of decoction, as a nutritive 
and demulcent drink, in febrile and inflammatory af- 
fections, as a vehicle for other medicines, and to give 
bulk to enemata. 

How is the decoction prepared ? 

The officinal decoction — Decoctum Mordei, com- 
monly called barley water — is prepared as follows : 
Two ounces of barley is first washed with cold water, 
and then boiled in another portion for a short time, to 
free it from all extraneous matters, mustiness or other 
unpleasant flavor. This water is thrown away, and 
four pints of boiling water added and boiled down to 
two pints, and strained. 



XX. EMOLLIENTS. 

What are these, and their uses ? 

They are substances which diminish the tone or 
cohesion of the living tissues to which they are ap- 
plied, and thereby render them more lax and flexible. 
Opposite in their effects to astringents. They are 
used to sooth inflamed parts, and to promote suppu- 
ration. 



DILUENTS. ^59 

What substances are chiefly used for these pur- 
poses ? 

Warm, mild cataplasms, such as those prepared with 
flaxseed meal and hot water ; powdered slippery-elm 
and hot water; milk and the crumb of bread; mush 
of indian corn meal, &c. Warm water, especially in 
in the form of vapor, is also much used. 



XXI. DILUENTS, 



What are these, and their uses ? 



They are mild, watery liquids, which serve to dilute 
the contents of the stomach and bowels, to increase 
the fluidity of the blood, and to increase, and at the 
same time, dilute the secretions. Used, therapeutical- 
ly, in febrile and inflammatory affections, and are es- 
pecially serviceable when the inflammation is located 
in the alimentary or urinary mucous membrane. 
They are used, also, to dilute acrid and corrosive poi- 
sons, which destroy by inflicting local mischief. 



XXII. PECULIAR MEDICINES. 

What medicines are considered by Dr. Wood insus- 
ceptible of accurate classification ? 

Ergot, nux vomica, arsenic, mercury and iodine. 

ERGOT.— ERGOTA. 

What is this ? 

Ergot, secale cornutum, or spurred rye, is derived 
from the secale cereale, or common rye, and is thought 
by some, to be the diseased seed, by others, the de- 
generated seed, mixed with a species of fungus. 

What are its physical properties ? 



260 PECULIAR MEDICINES. 

It is in brittle, somewhat flexible grains, from the 
third of an inch to an inch and a half in length, by- 
one or two lines in thickness ; usually curved like the 
spur of a cock, whence the name. It is marked with 
a longitudinal furrow, on one or both sides ; is of a 
violet-brown color externally, yellowish-white inter- 
nally, with a peculiar fishy odor, and a slightly acrid, 
disagreeable taste. It is liable to be attacked and de- 
stroyed by small insects. 

What is its active ingredient, and the relation of this 
to water, and to alcohol ? 

Its virtues are supposed to depend on a peculiar 
fixed oil, which is extracted by w T ater and alcohol. 

What are its medical properties and uses? 

In medicinal doses, it exerts a specific influence on 
the uterus, increasing its contractile power. In very 
large doses, it is said to act as a narcotic. It is used 
to accelerate delivery, when delayed from feeble or 
languid contractions of the uterus, and to cause the 
expulsion of the placenta retained from a similar 
cause; to promote the expulsion of sanguineous clots, 
hydatids and polypi ; to restrain uterine hemorrhages, 
&c. Contra-indicated in parturition, by the want of 
dilatation of the os uteri, great rigidity of the soft 
parts, deformity of the pelvis, and inal-presentation. 

What evil consequences have been know to result 
from its free and long continued use? 

Dry gangrene, typhus fever, and great disorder of 
the nervous system, have resulted, and even prevailed 
epidemically, in some parts of Europe, from the use 
of rye bread contaminated with it. 

How is it given, and what is the dose? 

Usually given in powder and infusion. Dose of 
the powder, for a woman in labor, 10 to 20 grains, re- 
peated every twenty minutes, until its effect on the 
uterus is produced, or 5 j. has been taken ; dose of 
the infusion, prepared with 3j. to Oj., one-third. 



PECULIAR MEDICINES. 261 

NUX VOMICA. 

What is this ? 

The seeds of the Strychnos Nux Vomica, a mode- 
rate sized tree growing in the East Indies. 

What 13 the character of the plant ? 

It is a round smooth berry, resembling in size and 
color, the orange, and containing numerous seeds im- 
bedded in a juicy pulp. 

What are the physical properties of the seeds ? 

They are flat, circular, nearly an inch in diameter, 
and two or three lines in thickness; concave on one 
side and convex on the other. They consist of an 
external fragile coating, thickly covered with short, 
satiny, yellowish hairs ; and an internal hard, horny 
nucleus, of a whitish or yellowish color. They are 
of difficult pulverization ; are inodorous, but have an 
acrid, very bitter taste. 

What are its chemical properties ? 

Its active ingredients are two peculiar alkalies, call- 
ed strychnia and brucia. These are extracted by 
water, but more readily by diluted alcohol. 

In what other substances are these alkalies found, 
and how do they differ ? 

They exist, also, in the bean of St. Ignatius, and 
brucia is found in false Angustura bark. They are 
nearly similar in medicinal properties, but differ in 
strength, brucia being much weaker. 

What are the properties of strychnia? 

It is in the form of white grains or crystals ; is in- 
odorous, but has an intensely bitter taste. It is de- 
composed by heat, is soluble in a large proportion of 
water, and readily soluble in alcohol. 

What are the effects of nux vomica on the system ? 

It appears to excite specifically the nerves of motion 
through the medium of the spinal marrow, as indica- 
ted by the spasmodic twiching of the voluntary mus- 
cles when the system is brought under its influence. 
It is a very active poison, strychnia being, with the 



262 PECULIAR MEDICINES. 

exception of prussic acid, the most violent one known. 
The symptoms of its poisonous effects are simply 
those of tetanus and asphyxia. 

What are its therapeutical applications? 

It is chiefly employed in the treatment of paralytic 
affections, in which it has often preyed successful 
when unattended with inflammation or other organic 
lesion of the brain or spinal marrow. It more fre- 
quently acts beneficially in general than in partial 
paralysis, and in paraplegia than in hemiplegia. 

What is the dose of nux vomica, and its prepara- 
tions ? 

Dose of the powdered seed, 5 grains ; of the alco- 
holic extract, from J to 2 grains ; of strychnia, from 
T l 2 to £ of a grain ; of brucia, j. grain. 

For what is strychnia used externally, and how is 
it applied ? 

It has been use in amaurosis, applied by the ender- 
mic method. 

ARSENIC— ARSENICUM. 

What are the effects of arsenic on the system ? 

In the metallic state it is thought to be inert, but in 
combination, alterative, tonic and antiperiodic. Under 
the continued use of the arsenical preparations a feel- 
ing of stiffness of the face and eyelids are experienced, 
attended with an edematous swelling of these parts 
called oedema arsenicalis ; itching of the skin, sore- 
ness of the mouth, loss of appetite, and uneasiness 
and pain in the stomach and bowels. In over doses 
they act as powerful irritant poisons, producing in- 
flammation and disorganization of the gastrointesti- 
nal, mucous membrane, attended with great general 
prostration, and a number of distressing symptoms. 
The same effects may be produced by its absorption 
when applied externally. 

How are its poisonous effects best counteracted ? 

If the stomach-pump beat haid it should be im- 



PECULIAR MEDICINES. 263 

Inediately used, and the hydrated oxide of iron, 
which is the best antidote should be given in all cases. 
For the mode of preparing, preserving, and exhibiting 
this, see page SO. Mucilaginous drinks should be 
freely given, and inflammation succeeding, combat- 
ted on general principles. 

What are its remedial applications? 

It is used internally in diseases of an intermittent 
character, as ague, some forms of neuralgia, chorea, 
periodic headache, &c. ; in some cutaneous diseases, 
particularly those of a scaly character ; and in secon- 
dary syphilis ; contraindicated by irritation or inflam- 
mation of the stomach, and by debility. 

What two preparations of arsenic are chiefly used ? 

Arsenious acid and Solution of Arsenite of Potas- 
sa — Liquor Potassce Arsenitis. 

How is the latter prepared ? 

Fowler 's solution, as it is commonly called, is pre- 
pared by boiling arsenious acid and carbonate of po- 
tassa in distilled water until the acid is entirely dis- 
solved, and adding to the solution, when cold, a little 
compound spirit of lavender, to give it color and 
flavor. 

What is the dose of each of these preparations ? 

Of arsenious acid, gr. 1 J 1F , made into pill with crumb 
of bread ; of Fowler's solution, 10 drops, both to be re- 
peated 2 or 3 times a day. 

MERCURY.— HYDRARGYRUM. 

What are the effects of mercury on the system ? 

In its metallic or uncombined state, it is considered 
inert, but in its various forms of preparation, it acts 
very peculiarly. Administered in very small doses it 
acts as an alterative ; in somewhat larger doses often 
repeated, it produces certain constitutional effects, char- 
acterized by a quick jerking pulse, increased nervous 
sensibility, invigorated absorption, and an increase of 



264 PECULIAR MEDICINES. 

the secretions, particular that of saliva constituting 
salivation or ptyalism. 

What are the symptoms which announce its con- 
stitutional effects? 

A metallic or brassy taste in the mouth ; redness, 
soreness and tumefaction of the gums with a whitish 
matter along their edges; a disagreable sensation in 
the sockets of the teeth when the jaws are pressed to- 
gether, and peculiar fetor of the breath called the 
mercurial fetor, followed by an increased flow of 
saliva. 

What are the effects of excessive salivation, and the 
remedies for it? 

The symptoms of its excessive action are severe 
pain in the jaws, swelling and ulceration of the 
cheeks, tongue and throat, accompanied with a copi- 
ous flow of saliva, amounting sometimes to several 
pints in the day, slow fever and rapid emaciation ; 
gangrene and sloughing of the soft parts of the mouth 
and throat, loss of the teeth, caries of the bones of the 
face, with horrible deformity, have resulted from its 
abuse. The remedies for excessive salivation, are as- 
tringent and detergent gargles, such as lead-water, 
weak solution of creasote, chloride of soda or of 
lime. 

How do persons differ in their susceptability to its 
action ? 

While a few person are totally insensible to its ac- 
tion, others are met with who are extremely suscepti- 
ble, the smallest quantities in some instances produ- 
cing salivation. On some individuals, too, it appears 
to act as a poison, causing a vesicular eruption called 
eczema mercuriale, and sometimes a febrile condition 
characterized by great adynamia termed mercurial 
erethism by Mr. Pearson, who first described it, in 
which a sudden emotion or physical exertion may 
prove fatal. 

Upon what principles does mercury act in the cure 
of diseases? 



PECULIAR MEDICINES. 265 

It is absorbed, and is supposed to do good in several 
ways ; principally by its influence over the secretions, 
particularly that of the liver ; by promoting absorption, 
but above all, by a general revolutionizing action, or 
by substituting its own action for that of the disease. 

What are its therapeutical applications? 

It has been used in a variety of diseases ; the follow- 
ing are some of them : functional derangement and 
inflammation of the liver, whether attended with a 
deficient or superabundant secretion of bile; syphilis, 
colica pictonum. paralysis, dysentery, and various 
other nervous and inflammatory affections. It is 
thought to be particularly adapted for those forms of 
inflammation which frequently result in the effusion 
of coagulable lymph, or of serum ; as croup, laryngitis, 
bronchitis, pleuritis, pericarditis, peritonitis, meningi- 
tis, &c. Its use in these cases should be preceded by 
blood-letting, and so regulated as to produce a slight 
impression on the gums, which, when maintained, 
will be sufficient in a great majority of cases. Its al- 
terative action is often only required. 

How is it used as an alterative, and to induce its 
specific effects ? 

As an alterative, from a quarter of a grain to a grain 
of calomel, or two or three grains of blue pill, may be 
given every night, or every other night, and to pro- 
duce a gentle ptyalism, one grain of the former, or 
from 3 to 5 grains of the latter, may be administered 
three times daily. In the former case, the bowels 
should be kept open by mild laxatives; in the latter, 
purgation should be prevented by opium, otherwise, 
the mercury may pass off by the bowels, without af- 
fecting the system. Where circumstances forbid its 
internal use, it may be applied externally. For this 
purpose, 5 j. of mercurial ointment may be rubbed on 
the inner surface of the thighs and arms, twice a day. 
In this way it is frequently employed conjointly with 
the internal use of the drug, where a speedy or pow- 
erful impression is desired, and in such cases, the oint- 
23 



266 PECULIAR MEDICINES. 

merit is sometimes applied to the surface, deprived of 
the cuticle, to facilitate its absorption. 

In what states is mercury employed? 

In the metallic state, mixed with other substances ; 
in the state of oxides, chlorides, salts, sulphurets -"and 
iodides. 

1. Metallic Mercury. 

What are the officinal preparations containing me- 
tallic mercury? 

Mercurial ointment, plaster and pills, and mercury 
with chalk. 

In what state is the mercury supposed to exist in 
these preparations ? 

In a state of minute division, with some slight de- 
gree of oxidation. 

1. Mercurial Ointment — Unguentum Hydrargyria 
How is this prepared ? 

By rubbing purified mercury, with lard and suet, 
until the globules disappear. 

What is its color when first prepared, and how is 
this affected by time ? 

It is of a bluish color at first, becoming darker by age. 

What are its uses and modes of application? 

It is used to discuss buboes, and chronic, glandular 
swellings, applied in the course of the absorbents, 
which pass through the affected gland, and to produce 
the specific effects of mercury, applied as before di- 
rected. 

2. Mercurial Plaster — Emplastrum Hydrargyri. 
What are the constituents of this plaster, and what is 
the mode of prepaiing it ? 

It consists of mercury, olive oil, resin and lead plas- 
ter. The oil and resin are melted, and when cool, 
are rubbed with the mercury, till the globules disap- 
pear; the melted lead plaster is then added and mixed. 

What are its uses? 

It is applied as a discutient to venereal buboes, 
nodes, &c. 



PECULIAR MEDICINES. 2(37 

3. Mercurial Pills — Pilulce Hydrargyri. How 
aie these prepared, and what are they commonly call- 
ed? 

Prepared by rubbing mercury with the confection 
of roses, till all the globules disappear, and then add- 
ing powdered liquorice root, and beating the whole 
into a mass. In this state it is kept in the shops, and 
is called blue mass, when made into pills, blue pills. 

How much of the mass does the officinal pill con- 
tain, and what proportion of mercury ? 

Three grains of the mass constitute a pill ; which 
contains one grain of mercury. 

What are the relative virtues of this preparation ? 

It is one of the mildest mercurials, much used to 
produce the alterative and sialagogue effects of mer- 
cury. 

What is the dose? 

As an alterative, 1 pill every night or two ; as a sia- 
lagogue, 1 pill, 3 times a day. 

4. Mercury with chalk — Hydrargyrum cum creta. 
How is this prepared, and what are its medical proper- 
ties and uses ? 

Prepared by rubbing purified mercury with prepared 
chalk, till its globules are extinguished. It possesses 
the properties of a mild mercurial and antacid. Well 
adapted for diseases of children, attended with defi- 
cient secretion of bile, indicated by clay-colored stools, 
and in cases of diarrhoea, with acidity of the primse 
vise. 

What is the dose? 

For an infant, from 2 to 5 grains; and for an adult, 
from 5 to 30. 

2. Oxides. 

What are the officinal oxides? 
The black oxide, and the red oxide. 
1. Black Oxide of Mercury — Hydrargyri Oxidum 
Nigrum. How is this prepared ? 

It is prepared by agitating the mild chloride of mer- 



268 PECULIAR MEDICINES. 

cury, (calomel,) with a solution of potassa, and the 
black oxide, which precipitates on standing, is washed 
with distilled water, and dried with a gentle heat. 

What are its physical and chemical properties ? 

It is in the form of a black powder, at first, chang- 
ing to olive, on exposure to light, and is without odor 
or taste. It is the protoxide, consisting of 1 eq. of 
mercury, and 1 of ogygen, but on exposure to light, a 
portion of it is resolved into the peroxide and metallic 
mercury. 

What is its character and dose ? 

It produces the usual effects of the mercurials, but 
owing to its varying composition, and the difficulty of 
preserving it unchanged, it is but little employed in- 
ternally ; sometimes applied externally, in the form of 
an ointment. It is the active ingredient of black wash, 
(Hydrarg. chlorid. mit., 3 ss., liquor calcis, Oss.,) 
which is much used as a wash for venereal sores. 
Dose, as a sialagogue, is from 1 to 3 grains, 2 or 3 
times a day. 

2. Red Oxide of Mercury — Hydrargyri Oxidum 
Rubrum. What is this commonly called, and how is 
it prepared ? 

Commonly called red precipitate. Prepared by 
dissolving mercury with a gentle heat, in diluted nitric 
acid, and evaporating it to dryness. The mass is then 
rubbed into powder and heated in a shallow vessel, till 
red vapors cease to arise. The mercury is oxidized at 
the expense of the nitric acid, which escapes in the 
form of nitric oxide gas. 

What is its form, color, solubility and chemical na- 
ture ? 

When properly prepared, it is in brilliant red scales, 
with an orange tint, is but slightly soluble in water, 
and is the peroxide of mercury, containing usually, a 
small proportion of nitric acid. 

What are its uses and modes of application ? 

On account of the harshness and uncertainty of its 
action, it is rarely given internally \ employed exter- 



PECULIAR MEDICINES. 269 

nally as a local stimulant and escharotic. In the state 
of powder, it is sometimes sprinkled over the surface 
of chancres and indolent and fungus ulcers. It forms 
the active part of yellow wash, (Hydrarg. chlorid. cor- 
rosiv. gr. xv liquor calcis, Oss.,) which is much used 
in venereal sores. In the form of the officinal oint- 
ment, ( Unguentum Hydrargyri Oxidi Rubri,) it is 
much used as a stimulant application to syphilitic and 
indolent ulcers; to porrigo of the scalp; to ophthal- 
mia tarsi, &c. 

3. Chlorides. 

What are the two chlorides of mercury? 

The mild chloride and the corrosive chloride. 

1. Mild Chloride of Mercury. — Hydrargyri Chlo- 
ridum Mite. By what other names is this preparation 
called, and what is it chemically ? 

Commonly called calomel, sometimes submuriate 
of mercury. This, however, is incorrect, as it is the 
protochloride of mercury. 

How is it prepared ? 

A bipersulphate of mercury is first formed by boil- 
ing two pounds of purified mercury in three pounds 
of sulphuric acid, until the salt is left dry. This, 
when cold, is rubbed with two additional pounds of 
mercury, and then with a pound and a half of chlo- 
ride of sodium, (common salt.) until all the globules 
disappear. The mild chloride is now sublimed, and 
afterwards reduced to powder and washed with boil- 
ing distilled water till this affords no precipitate upon 
the addition of water of ammonia, an evidence that 
it is free from corrosive sublimate, which is apt to be 
present. Howard's or Jewell's calomel, is prepared 
by causing it, in the state of vapor, to come in contact 
with steam in the subliming vessel, by which it is 
fieed from corrosive sublimate, and condensed in the 
form of an impalpable powder. 

What are its properties, as kept in the shops? 

It is in the form of a fine powder, devoid of odor 
23* 



270 PECULIAR MEDICINES. 

and taste, and of a light buff color, becoming darker 
by exposure to light. Its sp. gr. is 7.2. That which 
is condensed in steam is perfectly white, and is lighter 
than common calomel, in the proportion of three to 
five. 

What are its relations to water and alcohol, and its 
incompatibles? 

It is insoluble in water and alcohol, and is incom- 
patible with the alkalies, the alkaline earths and alka- 
line carbonates, soaps, &c. 

What is the relative value of calomel as a mercu- 
rial, and its dose? 

It is the most valuable and most extensively em- 
ployed of all the mercurial preparations. The dose, 
as an alterative, is from gr. \ to gr. j., every night or 
every other night; as a sialagogue,the same quantity, 
repeated 3 times a day. 

2. Corrosive Chloride of Mercury. — Hydrargyri 
Chloridum Corrosivum. What is this commonly 
called ? 

Corrosive sublimate. 

How is it prepared, and what is its chemical nature? 

The mode of preparation is the same as that of the 
mild chloride, only that the mercury is omitted in L - 
second place. Hence, from the double decomposition 
which occurs, the bichloride of mercury and sulphate 
of soda result ; the former sublimes and the latter re- 
mains behind. 

What are its physical properties ? 

It is in white, semi-transparent, crystaline masses, 
which are pulverized for use. It is inodorous, but has 
an intensely acrid, disagreeable taste. Sp. gr. 5.2. 

What are its relations to water and alcohol, and its 
incompatibles ? 

It is soluble in IS or 20 parts of cold, and in 3 parts 
of boiling water, and in 2\ parts of alcohol. The in- 
compatibles are numerous: the alkalies and their car- 
bonates; soap; lime-water; many metals and metallic 



PECULIAR MEDICINES. 271 

salts, and some vegetable and animal substances, de- 
compose it. 

What is its character as a sialagogue, and as a 
poison ? 

Though the most powerful of the mercurials, it is 
least apt to salivate. In over doses, it is a violent cor- 
rosive poison. 

What are its internal uses ? 

It is used in syphilis, and in some obstinate cutane- 
ous affections. 

What is its dose and its antidote ? 

Dose, from j to J of a grain, 3 times daily, in pill 
or solution. Antidote, albumen, as found in eggs, or 
gluten, in wheat flour. 

4. Satis. 

1. Yellow Sulphate of Mercury. — Hydrargyri Sul- 
phas Flavus. What is this commonly called ? 

Turpeth Mineral. 

How is it prepared, and what is its chemical nature? 

The bisulphate of the peroxide of mercury, obtain- 
ed as in the preparation of the chloride and bichloride, 
is rubbed into powder and thrown into boiling water, 
and the yellow precipitated powder repeatedly washed 
with hot water, and then dried. It consists of 1 eq. 
of sulphuric acid, and \\ of peroxide, and is therefore 
a subsesquisulphate. 

What is its form, color and taste? 

It is in the form of a powder, of a lemon-yellow 
color, and has a somewhat acrid taste. 

What are its medical properties and uses? 

It is alterative, emetic, and errhine. But little used 
for the two former purposes ; sometimes as an errhine, 
diluted with 5 pans of starch or powdered liquorice 
root. 

What is the dose? 

As an alterative, 1 grain ; as an emetic, from 2 to 5 
grains. 



272 PECULIAR MEDICINES. 

2. Ammoniated Mercury. — Hydrargyrum Ammo- 
niatum. What is the common name ? 

White precipitate. 

How is it prepared, and what is its chemical com- 
position ? 

Muriate of ammonia and corrosive sublimate are 
dissolved in distilled water, and solution of carbonate 
of potassa added, when the white precipitate subsides 
and is washed till tasteless, and dried. It consists of 
1 eq. of peroxide of mercury, and 1 eq. of muriate of 
ammonia. 

What are its physical properties? 

It is in the form of a light, white, insoluble pow- 
der, with an earthy taste. 

What are its lemedial uses? 

It is employed only externally in the form of oint- 
ment ( Unguentum Hydrargyri Ammoniati ,) in 
cutaneous eruptions, such as porrigo, psoia, and 
herpes. 

3. Nitrate of Mercury. In what form is this offi- 
cinal? 

In the form of ointment — Unguentum Hydrargyri 
Nitratis. 

How is this prepared, and what is it commonly 
called? 

Mercury is dissolved in nitric acid and then incorpo- 
rated with a melted mixture of lard and neatsfoot oil. 
It is commonly called citrine ointment. 

What is its color? 

When freshly prepared, it is of a beautiful golden- 
yellow color, acquiring a greenish hue by time. 

What are its therapeutical applications ? 

It is used as a stimulant and alterative application 
in ophthalmia tarsi and in various ulcerative and 
eruptive diseases; as porrigo, impetigo, lupus, herpes, 
psoriasis, &c. Usually diluted with lard. 

5. Sulphurets. 

What are the two sulphurets of mercury, and their 
uses ? 



PECULIAR MEDICINES. 273 

The red sulphuret of mercury, commonly called 
cinnabar, and in the powdered state vermillion ; and 
the black sulphuret of mercury, sometimes called 
Ethiops mineral. They are sometimes employed in 
the way of fumigation, where a speedy mercurial im- 
pression is desired, half a drachm or so being thrown 
upon a hot plate and the fumes inhaled as they arise. 

6. Iodides. 

What are these and their remedial uses ? 

The Iodide or Protiodide, and the Biniodide or 
Red Iodide of Mercury, are occasionally used in 
scrofulous and syphilitic affections, and in the form of 
ointment in scrofulo- venereal ulcers and glandular 
swellings, (fee. 

AY hat are their doses ? 

Of the protiodide, 1 grain, gradually increased to 3 
or 4 ; of the biniodide, T V of a grain, gradually in- 
creased to \. 

IODINE— IODINUM. 

From w T hat is this obtained, and what are it physi- 
cal and chemical properties? 

It is obtained chiefly from kelp, or the ashes of 
sea-weeds. It is met with in crystaline scales of a 
bluish-black color with a metallic lustre. It has a 
strong odor resembling that of a chlorine and a very 
acrid taste. Its sp. gr. is a little less than 5. It is an 
elementary substance, existing in combination in both 
kingdoms of nature. It is soluble in alcohol and 
ether, and in a large proportion of water. When 
heated it melts, and is volatilized in purple vapor, 
whence its name, but the best characteristic of it is, 
the blue compound which it forms with starch. 

What are its therapeutical effects and applications? 

Given in small doses, it acts as a general excitant, 
increases the appetite, promotes absorption, and aug- 



274 PECULIAR MEDICINES. 

merits the secretions. Its long continued use has pro- 
duced, in some instances, great nervous derangement, 
with impaired digestion, emaciation and hectic symp- 
toms. In over doses it acts as a corrosive poison. It 
has been used in a great variety of diseases, but prin- 
cipally in those of the absorbent and glandular sys- 
tems. In scrofula, bronchocele, and other glandular 
enlargements, it has proved eminently successful. 

What is the dose and mode of administration? 

Dose, from \- to ^ of a grain, 3 times a day, and 
gradually increased to 1 grain. Best given in an 
aqueous solution of iodide of potassium, never in 
powder. Given also in tincture — Tinctura lodini, 
which is made in the proportion of § ss. of iodine to 
Oss. of alcohol, and given in the dose of 10 to 20 
drops, mixed with sweetened water. 

What are the objections to the tincture. 

The iodine is liable to be converted into hydriodic 
acid, by uniting with the hydrogen of the alcohol 
when long kept, and when carelessly kept is apt to be 
deposited in the crystaline form, from the eveporation 
of the alcohol ; hence it should be prepared in small 
quantities at a time, and preserved in well-stopped 
bottles. 

How is iodine applied externally? 

In the form of bath and ointment. 

What is the strength of the latter, and its effects on 
the skin? 

It contains 9j. of iodine to |j. of lard. It im- 
parts an orange color to the skin, which gradually dis- 
appear with the evaporation of the iodine. It occa- 
sionally produces a pustular eruption by repeated ap- 
plication. 

Iodide of Potassium — Potassii lodidum. What 
are the properties and uses of this ? 

It crystalizes in white, opaque cubes, which deli- 
quesce on exposure, has a pungent saline taste, and 
is soluble in water and alcohol. Its solution is capa- 
ble of dissolving a large quantity of iodine, and is 



ANTACIDS. 2/Q 

therefore its best vehicle. In medical properties it is 
analogous to iodine, but is weaker. 

What is LugoVs solution, and the close? 

It consists of £)j. of iodine, $ ij. of iodide of po- 
tassium, and f 3 vij. of water. Dose, 6 drops twice a 
day, and gradually increased. Dose of the iodide of 
potassium, 1 to 2 grains. 



XXIII. ANTACIDS. 

What are these and their uses ? 

They are substances which, from their properties of 
combining with and neutralizing acids, are given to 
correct acidity in the primse viae and urine. 

What are the substances used as antacids? 

The alkalies, alkaline earths, and their carbonates. 

AMMONIA. 

What is its character as an antacid, and to what 
cases is it applicable? 

It is a stimulant antacid, applicable to cases of 
atonic gout and dyspepsia, attend with acidity. 

How is it employed? 

In the form of the officinal aqueous or alcoholic 
solution — Aqua Ammonice and Alcohol Ammonia- 
turn. The aromatic ammoniated alcohol, frequent- 
ly called aromatic spirit of ammonia, is sometimes 
given in flatulent colic, nervous weakness, &c. 

What is the dose of each of these preparations ? 

Of solution of ammonia, from 5 to 20 drops ; of 
ammoniated alcohol and aromatic ammoniated al- 
cohol, from 20 to 60 drops, each to be given in a 
wine-glassful of water. The carbonate of ammonia 
sometimes given also as an antacid in atonic dys- 
pepsia. 



276 ANTACIDS. 

MAGNESIA. 

What is the character of magnesia as an antacid, 
and what are its particular applications as such ? 

It is an excellent antacid, much used in dyspepsia, 
sick headache, gout, and other diseases associated 
with acidity of the stomach, and constipation of the 
bowels. Used also in gravel, with excessive secretion 
of uric acid. 

What is the dose? 

As an antacid from 10 to 30 grains. 

What is the chaiacter and dose of the carbonate of 
magnesia as an antacid? 

It is very useful in some cases of sick stomach, at- 
tended with acidity, but is objectionable in most cases 
on account of its tendency to produce flatulence, by 
the extrication of its carbonic acid. Dose, 3 ss. to 

3j. 

LIME.— CALX. 

How is lime used internally. 

In solution under the name of Lime-water — Liquor 
Calcis. 

How is this prepared and kept ? 

Prepared by pouring a gallon of water on four 
ounces of quicklime, and the solution, together with 
the undissolved lime, is kept in stopped glass bottles. 

What are its sensible properties, and the effects of 
exposure to the air? 

Lime-water is colorless and odorless, but has a dis- 
agreeable alkaline taste. Exposed to the air it attracts 
carbonic acid and becomes converted into the insolu- 
ble carbonate. 

What are its medical properties and uses? 

It is antacid and astringent, much used in dyspep- 
sia, with acidity and irritability of stomach ; in diar- 
rhoea, diabetis, and excessive secretion of uric acid. 
Mixed with an equal quantity of milk, which com- 
pletely covers its taste ; it is a very efficient remedy 



ANTACIDS. 277 

for nausea and vomiting, dependent on irritability of 
stomach ; and a diet exclusively of lime-water and 
milk, in the proportion of one part of the former to 
two or three of the latter, is found to be a very effec- 
tual plan of treatment in dyspepsia accompanied with 
vomiting of food. Used externally as a wash to flab- 
by ulcers, and to chronic eruptions, as tinea capitis and 
scabies; as an injection in leucorrhoea, and ulceration 
of the bladder or urethra, and mixed with linseed or 
olive oil, as a liniment in burns and scalds. 

What is the dose? 

From f § ij. to fgiv., several times a day. To 
allay nausea, a table-spoonful, each of lime-water and 
new milk, every twenty or thirty minutes. 

Carbonate of lime. How is this used ? 

In the form of prepared chalk — Creta Prceparata — 
and prepared oyster shell — Testa Praiparata. 

How is the former prepared ? 

Chalk is prepared for use by levigation and elutria- 
tion, and the soft mass which remains after decanting 
the clear liquor, is diopped in small portions, on an 
absorbent surface, and dried in the shape of small 
cones. 

What are its sensible properties, and its relations to 
water ? 

It is inodorous and tasteless, and is insoluble in pure 
water, slightly soluble in carbonic acid water. 

What are its medical properties, and therapeutical 
applications ? 

It is antacid and slightly astringent; much used in 
diarrhoea, accompanied with acidity. 

How is it given, and what is the dose? 

Given in powder, or in mixture — Mistura Cretce. 
This consists of prepared chalk §ss., sugar and pow- 
dered gum arabic, each 5 ij., cinnamon water and 
water f § iv. Dose of the powder, from 10 to 30 
grains ; of the mixture, f § ss. to f § ij. 

How are oyster-shells prepared ? 

They are freed from extraneous matter, washed with 
24 



278 ANTACIDS. 

boiling water, and then reduced to powder in the same 
manner as prepared chalk. 

How does it differ from this ? 

Prepared oyster-shell, is carbonate of lime, differing 
from chalk in being intimately associated with animal 
matter, which is thought by some, to render it more 
acceptable to the stomach. 

What is the dose? 

From 10 to 30 grains, or the same as that of pre- 
pared chalk. 

CARBONATES OF POTASSA. 

What is the dose of these as antacids? 

Dose of the carbonate, from 10 to 30 grains ; of the 
bicarbonate, 20 grains to 3j. 

How is the alkaline infusion of hickory ashes and 
soot prepared, and what is its chemical nature, and its 
dose? 

Prepared by digesting a quart of clean hickory ashes 
and half a pint of soot, in a gallon of hot water, for 
24 hours, and decanting the clear liquor. It is an im- 
pure solution of the carbonate of potassa. Dose, f § j., 
or f§ij. 

CARBONATES OF SODA. 

1. Carbonate of Soda. What are the sources of 
this? 

It is sometimes prepared by solution and crystaliza- 
tion, from barilla, or kelp, impure carbonates of soda, 
obtained by burning certain marine plants, but usual- 
ly, from sulphate of soda, or chloride of sodium, on a 
large scale. 

What are its properties ? 

It is a white salt, crystalizi ng in large rhomboidal 
prisms. It contains nearly two-thirds of its weight of 
water of crystalization, which it parts with by exposure 
to the air, and hence, is of variable strength, as found 
in the shops. It has an alkaline taste and re-action, 
and is very soluble in water. 



ANTHELMINTICS. 279 

What is the dose of the crystalized and anhydrous 
salt? 

Dose of the former, from 30 to 60 grains ; of the 
latter, which is preferable, from 10 to 30 grains. 

2. Bicarbonate of Soda. How is this prepared, and 
what is its chemical nature, as found in the shops? 

It is prepared by passing carbonic acid through a 
solution of carbonate of soda, until it is fully satura- 
ted, and then crystalizing it by a gentle heat. As it 
exists in the shops, it is considered to be a mixture of 
the bicarbonate and carbonate, and is sometimes called 
super-carbonate of soda. 

What is its color and taste, and its relation to water? 

It is of a white color, has a mild alkaline taste, and 
is soluble in 13 times its weight of cold water. Boil- 
ing water dissolves it more readily, but with the dis- 
engagement of a portion of its carbonic acid. 

What are its advantages as an antacid and antilithic? 

It is preferable to the carbonate on account of its 
greater acceptability to the palate and stomach, and to 
the bicarbonate of potassa, on account of its greater 
neutralizing power, the eq. of soda being smaller than 
that of potassa. 

What is the dose, and best mode of administration ? 

Dose, from 3 ss. to 5j., taken in a glass of carbo- 
nic acid water, to which a little ginger syrup may be 
added. 



XXIV. ANTHELMINTICS. 

What are these ? 

Substances, which by poisoning or debilitating 
worms in the alimentary canal, favor their expulsion. 

What is their modus operandi 9 

Some act by a poisonous influence on the worms, 
others by a mechanical one. 

What are the particular anthelmintics ? 



280 ANTHELMINTICS. 

Pink-root, azedarach, worm-seed, cowhage, male 
fern, bark of pomegranate root, oil of turpentine, tin, 
&c. 

PINK-ROOT.— SPIGELIA. 

What is this officinally? 

The root of the Spigelia Marilandica or Carolina 
Pink, an herbaceous plant, indigenous in the south- 
ern states, flowering from May to July. 

What are its physical properties? 

It consists of numerous small, crooked, wrinkled 
fibres, of a yellowish-brown color, attached to a knot- 
ty head. It has a faint odor, and a sweetish, slightly 
bitter taste. 

What are its relations to water and alcohol, and the 
effects of exposure ? 

Water and alcohol extract its virtues, which are 
somewhat impaired by age and exposure. 

What are its effects on the system, and on the 
worms ? 

In the ordinary dose, it produces little apparent ef- 
fect on the system, in larger ones, it sometimes ope- 
rates as a cathartic, and in over doses it produces nar- 
cotic symptoms. These less apt to occur, when it 
acts on the bowels. It is one of the most efficient 
anthelmintics, supposed to act by a direct poisonous 
influence upon the worms. 

What are the modes of administration ? 

It is given in powder, sometimes combined with 
calomel; and in infusion, often associated with senna, 
to ensure its action on the bowels. 

What is the dose? 

Of the powder, for a child a few years old, from 10 
to 20 grains; for an adult, 5 j. or 5 ij., repeated morn- 
ing and night, for several successive days, and then 
followed by a brisk cathartic. Dose of the infusion, 
made with § ss. of the root, to Oj. of water, to which 
§ss. of senna is usually added, from f § ss. to f §>, 
for a child, repeated 2 or 3 times a day. 



ANTHELMINTICS. 281 

AZEDARACH.— AZEDARACH. 

What is this officinally ? 

The bark of the root of the Melia Azedarach, or 
Pride of China, &c, a native of oriental countries, 
and naturalized in our Southern States. 

What are its effects on the system ? 

It is cathartic and emetic, and, in large doses, 
narcotic. 

What is its character as an anthelmintic, and the 
mode of exhibition and dose? 

It is considered to be a very efficient anthelmintic 
in the South, where it is chiefly employed. Used in 
decoction made by boiling Oij. of water with § iv. of 
the fresh bark to Oj., and given in the dose of f § ss. 
to a child, every 2 or 3 hours, till it operates on the 
bowels, or twice a day for several days, and then fol- 
lowed by a cathartic. 

WORMSEED.— CHENOPODIUM. 

What is this ? 

The seeds of the Chenopodium anthelminticum, or 
Jerusalem oak, an indigenous, herbaceous plant. 

What are their physical and chemical properties? 

They are small, roundish, light; of a greenish-yel- 
low color, and, when deprived of their capsular cov- 
ering, of a dark shining appearance. They have a 
bitter, pungent taste, and a stiong, peculiar odor, which 
is possessed by the whole plant. Their virtues reside 
in a volatile oil, which is officinal under the name of 
Oleum Chenopodii. 

How is this prepared, and what is its color? 

Obtained by distillation with water. It is of a 
bright yellow color, when freshly distilled, becoming 
deeper and darker by age. 

What is the dose of the seeds and of the oil ? 

For a child, 9j. or 9ij.,of the powdered seeds, 
and from 4 to 8 drops of the oil, once or twice a day 
for several days, and then followed by a cathaitic. 
24* 



282 ANTHELMINTICS. 

COWHAGE.— MUCUNA. 

What is this officinally ? 

The bristles of the pods of Mucuna pruriens, Doli- 
chos pruriens, or Cowitch, a climbing West India 
shrub. 

What is the character of the pods or legumes? 

They are about four inches long, shaped like the 
italic f, and covered with brown spiculae or hairs. 

What is their mode of action ? 

They act mechanically by piercing the w T orms, and 
are best adapted for the removal of the round worm. 

How is it administered and what is the dose ? 

Usually given in the state of electuary, prepared 
by dipping the pods in syrup or molasses and scrap- 
ing it off with the hairs until it attains the consistence 
of thick honey; the dose of which is §ss. for an 
adult, 3 j. for a child ; given for three nights success- 
ively, and then followed by a brisk cathartic. 

MALE FERN.— FELIX MAS. 

What is this officinally ? 

The root or rhizome of the Aspidium Felix Mas, 
or male fern, a plant growing in the United States, 
from New Jersey to Virginia, and also in Europe, 
Asia and Africa. 

What are the physical properties of the root ? 

It is large, tufted and scaly, but as met with in the 
shops, it is usually broken up into fragments. The 
inner greenish part cf the root-stock is the part used. 
When dry, it has a feeble odor, and a nauseous, bitter, 
somewhat acrid taste. 

What are its relations to alcohol, water and ether, 
and the effects of time upon its virtues? 

Its virtues, which are most readily extracted by 
ether, are lost in two years. 

What are its effects upon the system, and upon the 
worms ? 



ANTHELMINTICS. 283 

It produces but little sensible effect on the system, 
but acts as a poison to the worms, and is said to have 
proved veiy effectual in the expulsion of the tape- 
worm. It is seldom employed in this country. 

How is it given and what is the dose ? 

Given in powder and ethereal extract. Dose of the 
former, from 5 j. to 5 iij. ; of the latter, from 12 to 
24 grains. 

BARK OF POMEGRANATE ROOT— GRANATI RADICIS 
CORTEX. 

What is its character as an anthelmintic ? 

It is said to be an excellent vermifuge in cases of 
tape- worm, but it is not often employed in this 
country. 

What is the mode of administration, and the dose ? 

Given in decoction, made by boiling S$ ij. of the 
bark in Oij. of water to Oj., and the whole taken, by 
an adult, in three doses, with intervals of half an hour. 

OIL OF TURPENTINE.— OLEUM TEREBINTHIN&. 

What is its character and particular application as a 
vermifuge ? 

It is a powerful anthelmintic, particularly adapted 
for cases of taenia, which it destroys by a poisonous 
influence, and expels by its cathartic operation. Some- 
times used in the form of enema, for ascarides in the 
rectum. 

What is the dose ? 

For an adult, from fgss. to f§ij., followed by a 
dose of castor oil, if it do not operate in 2 or 3 hours. 
Sometimes given in small doses — 4 or 5 drops — sev- 
eral times a day, for the stomachic worms of children. 

POWDER OF TIN— PULVIS STANNI. 

How is this prepared ? 

By melting tin, and stirring it while cooling until 



284 ANTHELMINTICS. 

it is reduced to a powder ; after which it is passed 
through a sieve to separate the coarser particles. 

What is its particular application, and its modus 
operandi 9 

It is most effectual in the expulsion of lumbrici, 
and appears to act mechanically; consequently, its 
administration should always be followed by a brisk 
cathartic. 

What is the dose and mode of administration ? 

Dose for a child, from 3 j. to 3 ij. ; for an adult, 
§ ss. to § j. ; given in molasses, for 2 or 3 successive 
mornings. 



INDEX. 



Acacia 
Aceta 

Acetate of iron 
Acetate of lead 
Acetate of morphia 
Acetate of potassa 
Acetate of zinc 



250 
14 
81 
38 
118 
209 
84 



Acetated tincture of opium 117 
Acetic acid 137 

Acetum colchici 197 

Acetum scillae 223 

Acidum aceticum 137 

Acidum arseniosum 247, 263 
Acidum benzoicum 229 

Acidum citricum 137 

Acidum hydrocyanicum 142 

Acidum muriaticum 9 1 

Acidum nitricum 90 

Acidum nitro-muriaticum 92 
Acidum succinicum 103 

Acidum sulphuiicum 89 

Acidum sulphuricum aroma- 

ticum 90 

Acidum sulphuricum dilutum 90 
Actual cauterants 244 

iEther sulphuricus 108 

JEther sulphuricus rectifica- 

tus 108 

Alcohol 105 

Alcohol ammoniatum 275 

Alcohol ammoniatum aroma- 

ticum 275 

Alcohol dilutum 106 

Allium 223 

Aloe 166, 230 

Aloes 166, 230 

Alterative diaphoretics 216 

Alum 34 

Alum curd 35 

Alum cataplasm 35 

Alumen 34 

Alum whey 35 

Alumen exsiccatum 34, 248 

Amber 102 

American centaury 44 



American senna 


165 


Ammonia 


275 


Ammoniae carbonas 


96 


Ammoniac 


226 


Ammoniac plaster 


227 


Ammoniacum 


104, 226 


Ammoniated alcohol 


275 


Ammoniated copper 


83 


Ammoniated iron 


81 



Ammoniated mercury 272 
Ammoniated tincture of 

guaiac 217 
Ammoniated tincture of va- 
lerian 102 
Angustura 60 
Angustura bark 60 
Anodynes 105 
Antacids 275 
Anthelmintics 279 
Anthemis 56 
Antimonial powder 134 
Antimonial wine 133, 153 
Antimonii et potassae tar- 

tras 130, 213 
Antimonii sulphuretum prae- 

cipitatum 133 
Antispasmodics 98 
Apocynum cannabinum 197 
Approximate measures 20 
Aqua ammoniae 243 
Aqua camphoras 123 
Aqua cinnamomi 65 
Aqua menthae piperitae 73 
Aqua picis liquidae 204 
Aqua regia 93 
Aqua rosae 33 
Argenti nitras 87, 246 
Aromatic ammoniated alco- 
hol 275 
Aromatic spirit of ammonia 275 
Aromatic sulphuric acid 90 
Aromatic syrup of rhubarb 163 
Aromatics 61 
Arrow-root 257 
Arsenic 262 
Arsenicum 262 



286 



INDEX. 



Arsenious acid 247, 263 

Arterial sedatives 130 

Arterial stimulants 94 

Artificial musk 99 

Artificial nitre-beds 135 

Assafetida 100, 227 

Assafoetida 100, 227 

Astringents 22 

Atropia 124 

Aurantii cortex 63 

Azedarach 281 

B 
Bacher's pills 174 
Balsam of capaiva 205 
Balsam of Peru 228 
Balsam of Tolu 227 
Bark of sassafras-root 218 
Barley 257 
Barley water 258 
Basilicon ointment 203 
Belladonna 124 
Benzoic acid 229 
Bicarbonate of potassa 208 
Bicarbonate of soda 279 
Bichloride of mercury 248, 270 
Biniodide of mercury 273 
Bismuthi subnitras 86 
Bitartrate of potassa 209, 187 
Bitters of peculiar or modi- 
fied properties 46 
Bittersweet 127 
Blackberry-root 30 
Black drop 117 
Black hellebore 173, 230 
Black mustard seeds 239 
Black-oak bark 23 
Black oxide of mercury 267 
Black pepper 68 
Black snakeroot 225 
Black sulphuret of mercury 273 
Black wash 268 
Blistering plaster 236 
Blisters 236 
Blood-root 151 
Blue pills 267 
Bluestone 81 
Blue vitroil 81 
Boneset 57 
Brimstone 180 
Brucia 261 
Burgundy pitch 241 



Calamine 

Calamus 

Calcined magnesia 

Calomel 

Calx 

Camphor 

Camphor liniment 

Camphor water 

Camphora 



86 
74 
183 
190, 269 
276 
122 
124 
123 
122 



Camphorated soap liniment] 124 
Camphorated tincture of 

opium 116 
Camphorated tincture of 

soap 124 

Canada balsam 201 

Canada turpentine 201 

Canella 65 

Cantharidin 235 
Cantharis 207, 232, 235 

Cantharis vittata 238 

Capsicin 95 
Capsicum 94, 241 

Carbonate of ammonia 96 

Carbonate of lead 37 

Carbonate of lime 277 

Carbonate of magnesia 182 

Carbonate of potassa 207 

Carbonate of soda 278 

Carbonate of zinc 85 

Cardamom 70 

Cardamomum 70 

Carminatives 63 

Carolina pink 280 

Carota 199 

Caryophyllus 65 

Cascarilla 60 

Cassia firtula, 158 

Cassia Marilandica 165 

Castor 100 

Castoreum 100 

Castor oil 159 

Cataplasma aluminis 35 

Cataplasma lini 253 

Cataplasma sinapis 240 

Cataplasmata 16 

Cataplasms 16 

Catechu 27 

Cathartics 154 

Cathartin 164 

Caustics 244 



INDEX. 



287 



Cayenne pepper 94, 241 

Cerata 15 

Cerate of carbonate zinc 86 

Cerate of Spanish flies 236 

Cerate of subacetate of lead 40 

Cerates 15 

Ceratum cantharidis 236 

Ceratum plumbi subacetatis 40 

Ceratum resinae 203 

Ceratum zinci carbonatis 86 

Cerebral stimulants 105 

Ceruse 37 

Cetraria 254 

Chalk mixture 277 

Chamomile 56 

Chenopodium 281 

Cherry laural water 142 

Chimaphila 32 

Chlorides of mercury 269 

Chlorohydric acid 91 

Chondrus 255 

Cimicifuga 225 

Cinchona 46 

Cinchonia 49 

Cinnabar 273 

Cinnamomum 63 

Cinnamon 63 

Cinnamon water 65 
Circumstances that modify 

the effects of medicines 6 

Citrate of potassa 214 

Citric acid 137 

Citrine ointment 272 

Claret wine 107 

Classification of medicines 20 

Cloves 65 

Clysters 17 

Codeia 113 

Coffee 104 

Colchici radix 195 

Colchici semen 195 

Cold cream 33 

Colocynth 174 

Colocynthis 174 

Columba 45 

Columbo 45 

Common caustic 245 

Compound cathartic pills 177 
Compound decoction of sar- 

saparilla 221 

Comp. extract of colocynth 175 



Comp. infusion of cinchona 51 

Comp. infusion of gentian 44 

Comp. infusion of roses 33 

Compound mixture of iron 79 

Compound pills of rhubarb 169 

Comp. pills of sqill 227 

Comp. spirit of lavender 71 
Comp. spirit of sulphuric 

ether 109 
Comp. syrup of sarsaparilla 221 
Comp. syrup of squill 225 
Compound tincture of car- 
damom 70 
Comp. tincture of cinnamon 65 
Comp. tincture of Peruvian 

bark 51 
Confectiones 10 
Confections 10 
Confection of orange peel 63 
Confection of roses 33 
Confection of senna 165 
Confection of aurantii cortisis 63 
Confectio rosae 33 
Confectio sennae 165 
Conia 128 
Conium 128 
Conserves 11 
Copaiba 205 
Copperas 78 
Coptis 42 
Cornus Florida 54 
Corrosive chloride of mer- 
cury 248, 270 
Corrosive sublimate 248, 270 
Coxe's hive syrup, 225 
Cowhage 282 
Cranesbill 29 
Cream of tartar 187 
Creasote 204 
Creasotum 204 
Creta praeparata 277 
Crotonic acid 179 
Croton oil 179 
Crude saltpetre 135 
Crude sulphur 180 
Cubeba 68 
Cubebs 68 
Cupri sulphas 81, 153, 248 
Cuprum ammoniatum 83 
Cyanuret of potassium 144 



2SS 



INDEX. 



Dandelion 197 

Daturia 126 

Deadly nightshade 124 

Decocta 12 

Decoction of barley 258 

Decoction of bittersweet 127 

Decoction of dogwood 54 

Decoction of logwood 29 

Decoction of mezereon 218 
Decoction of Peruvian bark 51 

Decoction of pipsissewa 32 

Decoction of seneka 225 

Decoction of uva ursi 32 

Decoctions 12 

Decoctum chimaphila? 32 

Decoctum cinchona? 51 
Decoctum cornus Florida? 54 

Decoctum dulcamarae 127 

Decoctum haematoxyli 29 

Decoctum hordei 258 

Decoctum mezerei 218 
Decoctum sarsaparillae com- 

positum 221 

Decoctum senega? 225 

Decoctum uva? ursi 32 

Demulcents 249 

Dewberry-root 30 

Diachylon 37 

Diluents 259 

Diluted alcohol 106 

Diluted sulphuric acid 90 

Diospyros 33 

Distilled oils 61 

Diuretics 193 

Dogwood 54 

Dover's powder 212 

Dracontium 103 

Dried alum 248 

Dulcamara 127 
E 

Effervescing draught 214 

Elaterin 178 

Elaterium 177 

Electricity 104 

Electuaries 11 

Elixir of vitriol 90 

Emetia 148 

Emetics 145 

Emmenagogues 229 



Emollients 258 

Emplastra 16 

Emplastrum ammoniaci 227 

Emplastrum calefaciens 237 
Emplastrum picis cum can- 

tharide 237 

Emplastrum plumbi 36 

Emplas. plumbi carbonatis 38 

Emulsion 11 

Enemata 17 

Epispastics 234 

Epsom salts 185 

Ergot 259 

Ergota 259 

Errhines 233 

Escharotics 244 

Essence of peppermint 73 

Essential oils 61 

Ethiops mineral 273 

Eupatorium perforatum 57 

Euphorbia corollata 151 

Euphorbia ipecacuanha 151 

Expectorants 222 

Extract of belladonna 125 

Extract of black hellabore 174 

Extract of butternut 166 

Extract of gentian 44 

Extract of hemlock 129 

Extract of henbane 120 

Extract of jalap 171 

Extract of logwood 29 

Extract of Peruvian bark 51 

Extract of sarsaparilla 221 

Extract of thorn-apple 127 

Extractum belladonna? 125 

Extractum cinchona? 51 
Extractum colocythidis com- 

positum 175 

Extractum conii 129 

Extractum gentiana? 44 

Extractum glycyrrhiza? 253 

Extractum ha?matoxyli 29 

Extractum hellebori nigri 174 

Extractum hyoscyami 120 

Extractum jalapa? 171 

Extractum juglandis 166 

Extractum quassiae 42 

Extractum sarsaparilla? 221 

Extractum stramonii 127 



INDEX. 



2S9 



False angustura 60 

Fennel seed 70 

Ferri acetas 81 

Ferri et potassse tartras 80 

Ferri filum 76 

Ferri oxidum hydratum 80 

Ferri phosphas 81 

Ferri ramenta 76 

Ferri squamae 76 

Ferri subcarbonas 76 

Ferri sulphas 78 

Ferrocyanuret of iron 81 

Felix mas 282 

Filters 8 

Flaxseed 252 

Flaxseed oil 252 

Fleabane 199 

Flowers of sulphur 181 
Fluid extract of sarsaparilla 221 

Fceniculum 70 
Forms in which medicines 

are used 7 

Fowler's solution 263 
Foxglove 139, 194 

G 

Galbanum 104 

Galla 25 

Gallic acid 23 

Galls 25 

Galvanism 104 

Gamboge 176 

Gambogia 176 
Garlic 104, 223 

Gentian 43 

Gentiana 43 

Geranium 29 

Gillenia 149 

Ginger 73 

Glauber's salts, 184 

Glycyrrhiza 253 

Glycyrrhizin 253 
Golden sulphur of antimony 133 

Goldthread 42 

Goulard's cerate 40 

Goulard's extract 39 

Granatum 33 

Green vitriol 78 

Griffith's mixture 79 
Guaiac 216, 231 

25 



Guaiacum 


216, 331 


Guaiacum wood 


216 


Gum Arabic 

H 
Haematoxylon 


250 


23 


Helleborus niger 


173, 230 


Hemlock 


128 


Hemlock pitch 


242 


Henbane 


119 


Henry's magnesia 


183 


Hiera picra 


169 


Hoffmann's anodyne liquor 109 


Honeys 


15 


Hops 


121 


Hordeum 


257 


Howard's calomel 


269 



Humulus 121 

Huxham's tincture of bark 51 
Hydrargyri chloridumcorro- 

sivum 248, 270 

Hydrargyri chloridum 

mite 190, 269 

Hydrargyri oxidum nigrum 267 

Hydrargyri oxidum rubrum 268 

Hydrargyri sulphas flavus 271 

Hydrargyrum 263 

Hydrargyrum ammoniatum 272 

Hydrargyrum cum creta 267 

Hydrated oxide of iron 80 

Hydrochloric acid 91 

Hydrocyanic acid 142 

Hyoscyamia 120 

Hyoscyamus 119 

Hypnotics 105 

Iceland moss 254 

Impure sulphate of quinia 53 

Indian hemp 197 

Indian physic 149 

Indian tobacco 149 

Infusa 11 

Infusion of cascarilla 61 

Infusion of chamomile 57 

Infusion of columbo 46 

Infusion of foxglove 141 

Infusion of Peruvian bark 51 

Infusion of quassia 42 

Infusion of rhubarb 163 

Infusion of sarsaparilla 220 

Infusion of tobacco 142 
Infusion of Virginia snakeroot 59 



290 



INDEX. 



Infusion of wild cherry bark 56 

Infusions 11 

Infusmn anthemidis 57 

Infusum cascarillse 61 

Infusum cinchonae 51 
Infusum cinchonae composi- 

tum 51 

Infusum columbae 46 

Infusum digitalis 141 

Infusum pruni Virginianae 56 

Infusum quassias 42 

Infusum rhei 163 

Infusum sarsaparillae 220 

Infusum serpentariae 59 

Infusum tabaci 142 

Iodide of iron 81 

Iodide of potassium 274 

Iodides of mercury 273 

Iodine 273 

Iodinum 273 

Ipecacuanha 147, 212, 222 

Ipecacuanha spurge 151 
Irish moss 



Iron 
Iron filings 

Jalap 
Jalapa 

Jamaica pepper 
James 1 powder 
Jewell's calomel 
Juniper berries 
Juniperus 

K 

Kermes mineral 

Kino 

Krameria 



Lac assafoetidae 

Lac sulphuris 

Lactate of iron 

Lactucarium 

Laudanum 

Lavandula 

Lavender 

Lead 

Lead plaster 

Levigation 

Lichenin 



255 
75 
76 

169 

169 

69 

134 

269 

198 
198 



133 

26 
27 



101 

182 

81 

119 

116 

71 

71 

35 

36 

8 

254 



Light wines 107 

Lime 276 

Lime-water 276 

Linimenta 15 

Liniment of lime 252 

Liniment of Spanish flies 237 

Liniments 15 

Linimentum ammoniae 243 

Linimentum calcis 252 

Linimentum camphorae 124 

Linimentum cantharidis 237 
Linimentum saponis cam- 

phoratum 124 

Linseed oil 252 

Linum 252 

Liquor ammoniae acetatis 214 

Liquor calcis 276 

Liquor morphiae sulphatis 119 

Liquor plumbi subacetatis 39 

Liquor potassae arsenitis 263 

Liquorice 253 

Liquorice root 253 

Litharge 36 

Lobelia 149 

Logwood 28 

Lozenges 666 

Lunar caustic 87 

Lupulin 121 

Lupulina 121 

M 

Mace 66 

Madeira wine 107 

Magistery of bismuth 86 

Magnesia 183 

Magnesiae carbonas 182 

Magnesias sulphas 185 

Male fern 282 

Malt liquors 108 

Manna 156 

Mannite 157 

Maranta 257 

May-apple 171 

Meadow saffron root 195 

Meadow saffron seed 195 

Meconic acid 112 

Meconin 112 

Medicated wines 13 

Mel scillae compositum 225 

Mentha piperita 72 

Mentha viridis 73 

Mercurial ointment 266 



INDEX. 



291 



Mercurial pills 

Mercurial plaster 

Mercury 

Mercury with chalk 

Mezereon 

Mezerium 

Mellita 



267 
266 
263 
267 
217 
217 
15 



Mild chloride of mercury 190, 269 

Milk of assafetida 101 

Milk of sulphur 182 

Mineral astringents 33 

Mineral cathartics ISO 

Mineral emetics 152 

Mineral tonics 75 

Mistura assafoetidae 101 

Mistura camphorae 123 

Mistura ferri composita 79 

Misturae 11 

Mixtures 11 

Morphia 117 

Morphias acetas 118 

Moschus 98 

Moxa 244 

Mucuna 282 

Muriatic acid 91 

Musk 98 
Mustard 151, 239 

Myristica 66 

Myroxylon 228 

Myrrh 59 

Myrrha 59 

N 

Narcein 112 

Narcotics 105 

Narcotina 113 

Nauseating diaphoretics 212 

Nervous sedatives 139 

Nervous stimulants 98 

Neutral mixture 214 

Nicotia 141 

Nicotianin 141 
Nitrate of potassa 135, 210, 215 
Nitrate of silver 87, 246 

Nitre 135 

Nitric acid 90 

Nitro-muriatic acid 92 

Nitrous powders 137 

Nutmeg 66 

Nix vomica 261 

O 

Oil of amber 103 



Oil of cinnamon 
Oil of cloves 
Oil of cubebs 
Oil of fennel 
Oil of juniper 
Oil of lavender 
Oil of mace 
Oil of nutmeg 
Oil of peppermint 
Oil of pimento 
Oil of rosemary 
Oil of sassafras 
Oil of savine 
Oil of turpentine 
Oil of valerian 
Oil of vitriol 
Oil of wormseed 



64 
66 
69 
71 

199 
71 
67 
67 
72 
70 
72 

218 

231 
95, 202, 241 

102 
89 

281 



Ointment of ammoniated 

mercury 272 
Ointment of biniodide of 

mercury 273 
Ointment of nitrate of 

mercury 272 
Ointment of protoiodide 

of mercury 273 
Ointment of red oxide of 

mercury 269 

Ointment of oxide of zinc 85 

Ointment of rose-water 33 

Ointment of Spanish flies 237 

Ointment of stramomium 127 

Ointment of sulphuric acid 90 

Ointments 15 

Oleum caryophilli 66 

Oleum chenopodii 281 

Oleum cinnamomi 64 

Oleum foeniculi 71 

Oleum juniperi 199 

Oleum lav anduli 71 

Oleum lini 252 

Oleum menthae piperita^ 72 

Oleum myristicae 67 

Oleum pimentae 70 

Oleum ricini 159 

Oleum rosmarini 72 

Oleum sabinae 231 

Oleum sassafras 218 

Oleum succini 103 

Oleum succini rectificatum 103 

Oleum terebinthinae 95, 202, 241 

Oleum tiglii 179 



292 



IXDEX. 



Opium 
Opodeldoc 
Orange-peel 
Oxide of zinc 
Oxymels 
Oxymel of squill 



100 

124 

63 

85 

15 

223 



Paramorphia 112 

Paregoric elixir 116 

Parsley root 200 
Parts to which medicines are 

applied 17 

Pearlash 207 

Pearl white 86 

Peculiar medicines 259 

Peppermint 72 

Perpetual blister 237 

Persimmon 33 

Peruvian bark 46 

Petroselinum 200 

Phosphate of iron 81 

Phosphate of soda 189 

Phosphorus 97 
Physiological effects of meds. 5 

Pills 9 
Pills of aloes and assafaetida 1 69 

Pills of aloes and myrrh 169 

Pills of copaiba 206 

Pilulae 9 
Pilulae aloes et assafaetidae 169 

Pilulae et myrrhae 169 
Pilulae catharticae compositae 177 

Pilulae copaibae 206 

Pilulae hydrargyri 267 

Pilulae rhei compasitae 169 

Pimenta 69 

Pimento 69 

Pink root 280 

Piper 68 

Piperin 68 

Pipsissewa 32 

Pix abietis 241 

Pix canadensis 242 

Pix liquida 203 
Plaster of carbonate of lead 38 
Plaster of pitch with Spanish 

flies 237 

Plasters 16 

Plumbi acetas 38 



Plumbi carbonas 37 
Plumbi oxidum semivitreum 26 

Plumbum 35 

Plummer's pills 134 

Podophyllum 171 

Pomegranate 33 

Poppy capsules 111 

Port wine 107 

Potassa 245 

Potassae acetas 209 

Potassaebicarbonas 208 

Potassae bitartras 187, 209 

Potassae citras 214 

Potassae carbonas 207 
Potassae nitras 135, 210, 215 

Potassae sulphas 186 

Potassae tartras 188 

Potash 207 

Potato flies 238 

Potential cauterants 245 

Powders of aloes and ca- 

nella 65, 169 
Powders of ipecacuanha 

and opium 212 
Powder of tin 283 
Powders 7 
Precipitated sulphur 182 
Precipitated sulphuret of an- 
timony 133 
Prepared carbonate of zinc 86 
Prepared chalk 277 
Prepared oyster-shell 277 
Poof spirit 14, 106 
Protiodide of mercury 273 
Prunes 157 
Prunum 157 
Prussic acid 142 
Pure bitters 41 
Purging cassia 158 
Purgative enemata, 191 
Pulveres 7 
Pulvis aloes et canellae 60, 169 
Pulvis antimonialis 134 
Pulvis ipecacuanhas et opii 212 
Pulvis stanni 283 

Q 

Quassia 41 

Quercitrin 24 

Quercitron 24 

Quercus alba 23 

Quercus tinctoria 23 



INDEX 



293 



Quinia 


49 


Quiniae sulphas 


51 


Quin ice sulphas impurus 


53 


R 




Rectified alcohol 


106 


Rectified oil of amber 


103 


Rectified sulphuric ether 


108 


Red oxide of mercury 


268 


Red pepper 


95 


Red precipitate 


268 


Red roses 


33 


Red sulphuret of mercury 


273 


Refrigerant diaphoretics 


214 


Refrigerants 


130 


Resin 


203 


Resin cerate 


203 


Resina 


203 


Rhabarbarin 


162 


Rhatany 


27 


Rheum 


160 


Rhubarb 


160 


Rochelle salts 


188 


Rosa centifolia 


33 


Rosa gallica 


33 


Rose water 


33 


Rosemary 


72 


Rosemarinus 


72 


Rubefacients 


239 


Rubus trivialis 


30 


Rubus villosus 


30 


Rufus's pills 

S 
Sabbatia 


169 


44 


Sabina 


231 


Sagapenum 


104 


Sago 


255 


Salicin 


54 


Saline cathartics 


184 


Salix 


54 


Sal diureticus 


209 


Sal prunelle 


136 


Saltpetre 


135 


Salt of tartar 


208 


Sanguinarina 


151 


Sarsaparilla 


219 


Sarsaparillin 


220 


Sassafras 


218 


Sassafras medulla 


218 


Sassafras pith 


219 


25* 





Sassafras radicis cortex 21S 

Savine 231 

Scales of iron 76 

Scammonium 172 

Scammony 172 
Scilla 194, 223 

Secale cornutum 259 

Seidletz powders 189 

Semiyitrified oxide of lead 36 



Senega 


224 


231 


Senegin 




225 


Seneka 


2*4 


231 


Senna 




163 


Serpentaria 




58 


Sherry wine 




107 


Sialagogues 




23-2 


Simaruba 




42 


Sinapis 




239 


Sinapism 




240 


Skunk cabbage 




103 


Slippery-elm bark 




251 


Smelling salts 




97 


Sodce bicarbonas 




279 


Sodae carbonas 




278 


Sodae et potassae tartras 




188 


Sodee phosphas 




189 


Solania 




127 


Soluble tartar 




188 


Solution of acetate of j 


im- 




monia 




214 


Solution of arsenite of 


po- 




tassa 




263 


Solution of subacetate 


of 




lead 




39 


Solution of sulphate of 


mor- 




phia 




119 


Soporifics 




105 


Spanish flies 207 


,232 


,235 


Spearmint 




73 


Spigelia 




280 


Spirit of lavender 




71 


Spirit of mindererus 




115 


Spirit of nitric ether 


210 


,215 


Spirit of rosemary 




72 


Spiritus fetheris nitrici 


210 


,215 


Spiritus lavandulae 




71 


Spiritus lavandulae compositus 71 


Spiritus mindereri 




215 


Spiritus rosmarinae 




72 


Spreading of plasters 




16 


Spurred rye 




259 



294 



INDEX. 



Squill 151, 194, 232 

Stramonii folia 126 

Stramonii semen 126 

Sternutatories 233 

Strychnia 261 

Subcarbonate of iron 76 

Sublimed sulphur 181 

Subnitrate of bismuth 86 

Succinic acid 103 

Succicum 102 

Sudorifics 211 

Sugar of lead 38 

Sulphate of cinchonia 53 
Sulphate of copper 81, 153, 248 

Sulphate of iron 78 

Sulphate of magnesia 185 

Sulphate of morphia 118 

Sulphate of potassa 186 

Sulphate of quinia 51 

Shlphate of soda 184 
Sulphate of zinc 83, 153 

Sulphur 180 

Sulphur precipitatum 182 

Sulphuric acid 89 

Sulphuric ether 108 

Supertartrate of potassa 187 

Suppositories 17 

Sweet flag 74 

Sweet spirit of nitre 210 

Syrup of ginger 63 

Syrup of orange peel 63 

Syrup of rhubarb 162 
Syrup of rhubarb and senna 163 

Syrup of squill 223 

Syrups 14 

Syrupi 14 

Syrupus aurantii corticis 63 
Svrupus sarsaparillee compo- 

"situs 121 

Syrupus scillae compositus 225 

Syrupus rhei 163 

Syrupus rhei et sennae 163 

Syrupus rhei aromaticus 163 



Tabacum 141 

Table for graduating the dose 

of medicines 6 

Tables of weights and mea- 
sures 19 



Tannic acid 22 

Tannin 22 

Tapioca 256 

Tar 203 

Tar ointment 204 

Tar water 204 

Taraxacum 197 
Tartar emetic 152, 222 

Tartar emetic ointment 132 

Tartarized antimony 152 
Tartrate of antimony and 

potassa 130, 213 

Tartrate of iron and potassa 80 

Tartrate of iron 81 

Tartrate of potassa 188 
Tartrate of potassa and soda 188 

Tea 104 

Teneriffe wine 107 

Terebinthina 200 

Terebinthina canadensis 201 

Testa prseparata 277 

Thebaic tincture of opium 116 

The mineral acids 249 

The hot iron 244 

Thorn-apple leaves 126 

Thorn-apple seeds 126 

Thoroughwort 57 

Tinctura aloes 169 

Tinctura et myrrhae 169 

Tinctura assafoetidae 101 

Tinctura camphorse 124 

Tinctura cantharidis 207 

Tinctura capsici 95 
Tinctura cardomomi com- 

posita 70 

Tinctura castorei 100 

Tinctura catechu 27 

Tinctura cinchonse 51 
Tinctura cinchona? compo- 

sita 51 

Tinctura cinnamomi 65 
Tinctura cinnamomi com- 

posita 65 

Tinctura colombae 46 

Tinctura digitalis 141 

Tinctura ferri chloridi 79 

Tinctura gallae 26 
Tinctura gentianae compo- 

sita 44 

Tinctura guaiaci 217 

Tinctura guaiaci ammoniata 217 



INDEX. 



295 



Tinctura hellebori 
Tinctura humuli 
Tinctura iodini 
Tinctura kino 
Tinctura kramerse 
Tinctura lupulinae 
Tinctura lobelia? 
Tinctura opii 
Tinctura opii acetata 
Tinctura opii camphorata 
Tinctura quassae 
Tinctura rhei 
Tinctura rhei et aloes 
Tinctura rhei et gentianae 
Tinctura rhei et sennae 
Tinctura sanguinariae 
Tinctura sennae at jalapa 
Tinctura serpentariae 
Tinctura tolulani 
Tinctura Valerianae 
Tinctura Valerianae ammo- 

niata 
Tincturae 
Tincture of aloes 
Tincture of aloes and myrrh 
Tincture of assafetida 
Tincture of black hellebore 
Tincture of camphor 
Tincture of castor 
Tincture of catechu 
Tincture of cayenne pepper 
Tincture of chloride of iron 
Tincture of cinnamon 
Tincture of foxglove 
Tincture of galls 
Tincture of guaiac 
Tincture of hops 
Tincture of iodine 
Tincture of kino 
Tincture of lobelia 
Tincture of lupulin 
Tincture of opium 
Tincture of Peruvian bark 
Tincture of quassia 
Tincture of rhatany 
Tincture of rhubarb 
Tincture of rhubarb and 

aloes 
Tincture of rhubarb and 

gentian 
Tinct. of rhubarb and senna 



174 


Tincture of senna and jalap 


164 


122 


Tincture of Spanish flies 


207 


274 


Tincture of squill 


223 


27 


Tincture of stramonium 


127 


28 


Tincture of tolu 


228 


122 


Tincture of valerian 


102 


150 


Tincture of Virginia snakeroot 59 


116 


Tinctures 


13 


117 


Tobacco 141 


, 151 


116 


Tolutanum 


227 


42 


Tonics 


40 


163 


Tormentil 


33 


163 


Tormentilla 


33 


163 


Tragacanth 


251 


163 


Trisnitrate of bismuth 


86 


152 


Tragacanth a 


251 


164 


Troches 


10 


59 


Torchisci 


10 


22S 


Turner's cerate 


86 


102 


Turpentine 


200 




Turpeth mineral 


271 


102 






13 


U 




169 


Ulmus 


251 


169 


Unguenta 


1.3 


101 


Unguentum antimonii 


132 


174 


Unguentum aquae rosee 


33 


124 


Unguentum cantharidis 


237 


100 


Unguentum hydrargyri 


266 


27 


Unguentum hydrargyri am- 




95 


nion iati 


272 


79 


Unguentum hydrargyri bin- 




65 


iodidi 


273 


141 


Unguentum hydrargyri iodidi 273 


26 


Unguentum hydrargyri ni- 




217 


tratis 


272 


122 


Unguentum hydrargyri ox- 




274 


idi rubri 


269 


27 


Unguentum iodini 


274 


150 


Unguentum picis liquids 


104 


122 


Unguentum stramonii 


127 


116 


Unguentum zinoi oxidi 


85 


51 


Uva ursi 


31 


42 


V 




28 


Valerian 


101 


163 


Valeriana 


101 




Valerianic acid 


102 


163 


Vallet's ferruginous pills 


77 




Vegetable acids 


137 


163 


Vegetable astringents 


23 


1G3 


Vegetable cathartics 


156 






296 



INDEX 



Vegetable emetics 147 

Vegetable tonics 41 

Vermillion 278 

Vesicants 234 

Vesicatories 234 

Vinegar of colchicum 197 

Vinegar of squill 223 

Vina medicata 13 

Vinegars 14 

Vinum aloes 169 

Vinum antimonii 133 

Vinum colchici radicis 197 

Vinum colchici semen 197 

Vinum ipecacuanhas 148 

Virginia snakeroot 58 

Volatile liniment 243 

Volatile oils 61 
W 

Warming plaster 237 

Warner's gout cordial 163 

Washed sulphur 181 
Water of ammonia 243, 275 
Weights and measures used 19 

White arsenic 247 



White lead 37 

White mustard seeds 239 

White-oak bark 23 

White bismuth 86 

White pepper 68 

White precipitate 272 

White turpentine 201 

White vitriol 83 

Wild carrot 199 

Wild cherry bark 55 

Willow 54 

Wines 107 

Wine of aloes 169 

Wine of ipecacuanha 148 

Wine of colchicum root 197 

Wine of colchicum seed 197 

Wine-whey 108 

Wormseed 281 

Z 

Zinci acetas 84 

Zinci carbonas 85 
Zinci carbonas preeparatus 86 

Zinci oxidum 85 
Zinci sulphas 83, 153 

Zingiber 73 



> 



